Tuesday, July 8, 2014

[Notes] A Note on Cornelius Van Til's Theory of Analogical Knowledge

A Note on Cornelius Van Til's Theory of Analogical Knowledge 


1. There are many problems associated with Cornelius Van Til's Theory of Analogical Knowledge.

The purpose of this note is to state a non-solution to one of the problems.

The motivation for Van Til's theory is the Creator-creation Distinction.

The Creator-creation Distinction is an ontological distinction.

Van Til applies the Creator-creation Distinction to the objects of knowledge and concluded that the objects of God's knowledge are ontologically different from the objects of human knowledge.

The objects of knowledge are truths and all truths are propositional.

Van Til's theory implies that there are two kinds of propositions: Uncreated propositions as the objects of God's knowledge and created propositions as the objects of human knowledge.

(There are other names for the objects of knowledge: original truths vs. derived truths, archetype vs. ectype, etc.)

Van Til called the relationship between the two kinds of propositions analogy: Uncreated propositions are analogically related to created propositions.

Although the two kinds of propositions are analogically related, they are supposedly qualitatively different from one another and do not coincide at any single point.

The main criticism of this theory by Gordon H. Clark is that Van Til's Theory of Analogical Knowledge implies a two-fold truth that will result in skepticism for human beings.

(Clark 1944, 10):

"Here is the crux of the issue. By insisting that God's knowledge is qualitatively different from that of man and that 'his knowledge and our knowledge' do not 'coincide at any single point,' the Complaint is advancing a theory of a two-fold truth; while Dr. Clark holds that the nature of truth is one, that if a man knows any item of truth, both God and man know that same identical item, and that on this item God's knowledge and man's knowledge coincide. According to the Complaint man can never know even one item of truth God knows; man can know only an 'analogical' truth, and this analogical truth is not the same truth that God knows, for the truth that God knows is 'qualitatively' different, and God cannot reveal it to man because man is a creature. To repeat: the truth that God knows and the truth that man knows are never the same truth, for they do not 'coincide at any single point.' God's knowledge therefore would be incomprehensible to man for the specific reason that God could not reveal any particular fact about it without destroying the 'Creator-creature relationship.' Dr. Clark holds that God can reveal any item of knowledge in propositional form without destroying the Creator-creature relationship, and that such a revealed proposition has the same meaning for God and for man when, as is sometimes the case, man understands it."



2. The following Diagram depicts how I understand Van Til's Theory of Analogical Knowledge:



3. I think I have understood Van Til correctly, but there are difficulties in interpreting him.

The three main ones are:

(a) More often than not, Van Til does not define his key terms and leave them vague and ambiguous.


(b) Van Til openly revels in "apparent contradiction" so that he may be on both sides of an issue.

(c) If and when Van Til changes his theories, the changes may be done surreptitiously instead of openly.

Gordon H. Clark has documented one case of surreptitious change by Van Til and some Van Tilians.

I have commented on this case in this Blog:

http://notes-on-gordon-h-clark.blogspot.ca/2014/07/notes-when-black-becomes-white-on-some.html

The way Van Til and some Van Tilians surreptitiously changing their theories may be describe in the colorful language of Imre Lakatos as a degenerative problem-shift or a degenerative research programme.

I suspect the reason for the surreptitious changes has to do with the social context: Van Til teaches in a seminary instead of in academia.

In seminary, a change in one's views or teachings may be construed as errors or, worst yet, heresies and are not welcome.



4. A proposal to meet Clark's criticisms that does not work, i.e. a non-solution, is the following: there are two kinds of objects of knowledge for God, the uncreated propositions and the created propositions.

This non-solution maybe diagram like this:



The advantage of this theory is that there are certain putative truths that both God and man know, i.e. the created propositions.

The fatal flaw of this theory is that it is contradicted by the doctrine of God's omniscience.

According to this theory, since the created propositions are created,
before they were created God did not know the created propositions as objects of knowledge in eternity.

God may have known "about" the created propositions by way of his uncreated propositions, but God does not know the created propositions as objects of knowledge as such in eternity.

(As the theory goes, the uncreated propositions may refer to the created propositions by way of the created propositions being its (i.e. the uncreated proposition) constituent parts.)

So if God knows the created propositions as objects of knowledge, he has to learn them when the created propositions are created.

And this is contradicted by the doctrine of God's omniscience, which implies that God does not learn any new knowledge whatsoever.

 

Reference:

Clark, Gordon H. et el. 1944. The Answer to a Complaint Against Several Actions and Decisions of the Presbytery of Philadelphia Taken in a Special Meeting Held on July 7, 1944.
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0BzphbqalyGr1WFl1V1M5S0FTc0E&usp=sharing
(accessed 2014-07-08).

End.

Monday, July 7, 2014

[Notes] When Black Becomes White: On Some Footnotes of Greg L. Bahnsen


When Black Becomes White: On Some Footnotes of Greg L. Bahnsen



Original: May 14, 2009.

Revision: July 7, 2014.



Note:

(a) The following were originally reading notes on Greg L. Bahnsen's Van Til’s Apologetic: Readings and Analysis (1998).


I wrote the notes with some passions because I was angry with Bahnsen when I wrote them.

Not only did I find Bahnsen treating Gordon H. Clark unfairly, I also believe Bahnsen was not honest with his readers.

The notes were posted to a blog in 2009:

http://logosandreason.wordpress.com/

The grammar, paragraphing and formatting of the 2009 blog post were atrocious.

This is a relatively minor revision mainly with those concerns in mind.

(b) Also, when I wrote the notes in 2009, I had not read the primary documents The Text of a Complaint and The Answer.

They were not generally available.

Sean Gerety has subsequently made these two primary documents available in his blog God's Hammer.

(They are also available now in the Documents page of this Blog.)

Reading the primary documents only confirmed my suspicion about Bahnsen.

For the footnotes in question, their elaborateness gave a scholarly appearance to the presentation, but Bahnsen was not honest with his readers.

My opinion is that Bahnsen's elaborate footnotes serve more to hide and misdirect than to enlighten his readers.

I believe the two primary documents refute the elaborate footnotes of Bahnsen's.

And I would have quoted from the primary documents, instead of from Herman Hoeksema, had I read them in 2009.



Outline

1. Introduction
2. The Logic of Van Til's Analogical Knowledge
3. Van Til Picked a Fight
4. Why did Van Til Picked a Fight?
5. Clark had an Answer
6. Shifting the Ground of Debate – 3 Responses to Clark
7. Bahnsen Wrote a Book
8. Why did Clark left the OPC?
9. Is the Bible the Highest Authority in Clark's Philosophy?
10. Bahnsen the Revisionist
11. The Two Horns of a Dilemma
12. When Black Becomes White
13. Saddling Clark with an Error
14. Saddling Clark with Another Error
15. Conclusion: My Take of What Happened



1. Introduction

These notes are about the Clark-Van Til Controversy (1944-48).

In particular, they are about just one aspect of that Controversy -- the debate about the incomprehensibility of God.

The Controversy occurred in the 1940s in The Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC).

The protagonists were Gordon H. Clark and Cornelius Van Til.

Since the theological and philosophical questions debated during the Controversy are important in their own rights, they have been commented upon by subsequent writers.

These notes were originally reading notes on Greg L. Bahnsen's Van Til's Apologetic: Readings and Analysis (1998).

I have subsequently posted some of them to an internet discussion group.

I was very critical of Bahnsen's handling of the Clark-Van Til Controversy.

I still am.

But in rewriting the notes into this essay, I have already tone down the rhetoric against Bahnsen.



2. The Logic of Van Til's Analogical Knowledge

There are certain questions any epistemological theory must answer:

(a) What is the subject of knowledge? (That which knows.)

(b) What is the object of knowledge? (That which is known.)

(c) How does a subject acquire an object of knowledge? (The mechanism of knowledge acquisition.)

The logic of Van Til's analogical knowledge is rather simple.

The Creator-creation Distinction is an ontological distinction between God and his creation.

Van Til applies the Creator-creation Distinction to all three epistemological questions above.

Thus, for Van Til:

(a) The Creator-creation Distinction implies that the subjects of knowledge are ontologically different: God is uncreated Creator while human persons are created creatures.

(b) The Creator-creation Distinction implies that the objects of knowledge are ontologically different between Creator and creatures: The objects of God's knowledge are uncreated but the objects of human knowledge are created.

(c) The Creator-creation Distinction implies that the mechanisms of knowledge acquisition are ontologically different between Creator and creatures: The mechanism of knowledge acquisition for God is uncreated but the mechanism of knowledge acquisition for humans are created.

As a good Reformed believer, Van Til also believes that human persons are created in the image of God.

As an image-bearer of God, human persons as knower reflected God as knower.

How do human persons reflect God epistemologically?

Van Til calls this relation "analogical".

"Analogical" is meant to convey the idea that there are both similarities and differences between God as knower and human persons as knower.

There are similarities because human persons are created in the image of God and therefore reflect God as knower.

There are differences because human persons are created in the image of God and therefore there is an underlying ontological difference between Creator and creatures.



3. Van Til Picked a Fight

The Clark-Van Til Controversy was started by Van Til and his colleagues at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia.

In 1944, Gordon H. Clark was ordained as a minister of The Orthodox Presbyterian Church.

Van Til and his colleagues filed a complaint against Clark's ordination.

Leaving the church politics aside, the main doctrinal issue was the incomprehensibility of God.


The doctrine of the Knowability of God is the claim that human persons can know some truths about God.

The doctrine of the Incomprehensibility of God is the claim that human persons cannot know all truths about God.

Combining knowability and incomprehensibility, the claim in discussion was that human persons can know some, but not all, truths about God.


4. Why did Van Til Picked a Fight?

(a) Recall that Van Til applies the Creator-creation Distinction to epistemology.

The Creator-creation Distinction is an ontological distinction.

One result of the application is that the objects of knowledge for God are ontologically different from the objects of knowledge for human persons.

Now Clark is an Augustinian.

For an Augustinian, the objects of knowledge are truths.

Since Clark believes all truths are propositional, the objects of knowledge are propositions.

For Clark, that the objects of knowledge are propositions is true for both God and man.

For Clark, both God and man know the identical propositions.

But for Van Til, who applies the ontological Creator-creation Distinction to the objects of knowledge, the propositions God knows must be ontologically different from the propositions man knows.

For Van Til, God and man knowing the identical propositions means violating the Creator-creation Distinction.

Clark and Van Til disagree with each other.

(b) The document Van Til and his colleagues filed against Clark was called The Text of a Complaint Against Actions of the Presbytery of Philadelphia in the Matter of the Licensure and Ordination of Dr. Gordon H. Clark (hereafter The Text of a Complaint).

The following is a summary of The Text of a Complaint on the issue of the incomprehensibility of God by Herman Hoeksema ([1940s] 1995, 7):

"What, then, is the exact point of difference?"

"According to the complainants, it is this, that, while they hold that the difference between the contents of the knowledge of God and the contents of our knowledge is both qualitative and quantitative, Dr. Clark insists that it is only quantitative. And here the complaints mention three specific points of difference between Dr. Clark's view and their own:"

"1. According to Dr. Clark all truth, in God and in man, is propositional, i.e., assumes the form of propositions (God is good, man is mortal, two times two are four, the whole is greater than any of its parts, etc. – H.H.). The complaints deny this, at least with regard to God's knowledge."

"2. Dr. Clark holds that man's knowledge of any proposition is identical with God's knowledge of the same proposition. Any proposition has the same meaning for God as for man. The complainants deny this. As an item of interest we may mention here that during the examination of Dr. Clark by the Presbytery of Philadelphia the question was asked him: 'You would say then, that all that is revealed in the Scripture is capable of being comprehended by the mind of man?' And the answer was given by him: 'Oh yes, that is what it is given us for, to understand it'. "

"3. Dr. Clark teaches that God's knowledge consists of an infinite number of propositions, while only a finite number can ever be revealed to man. And this shows that, according to him, the difference between God's knowledge and man's knowledge is only quantitative: God simply knows infinitely more than man. The complainants insist that it is also qualitative: It also concerns the question as to the nature and mode of God's knowledge and ours."

(c) The doctrine at issue is the incomprehensibility of God.


(The actual claim under discussion is the claim that human persons can know some, but not all, truths about God.)

Both Clark and Van Til formally subscribe to this doctrine, but they understand it very differently.

Clark believes that "man's knowledge of any proposition is identical with God's knowledge of the same proposition. Any proposition has the same meaning for God as for man."

Van Til denies this.

Why did Van Til deny this?

It is because Van Til applies the Creator-creation Distinction to the objects of knowledge and concludes that the objects of God's knowledge must be ontologically different from the objects of human knowledge.

Since the objects of knowledge are propositions, the propositions human knows cannot be identical to the propositions God knows.

The Creator-creation Distinction forbids this.

The propositions man knows, according to Van Til, must be qualitatively different from the propositions God knows.

The logic of Van Til's position is simple and clear.



5. Clark had an Answer

What was Clark's answer to Van Til's complaints?

Clark's answer was that Van Til's position would lead to skepticism.

Clark and his supporters replied to The Text of a Complaint in a document called The Answer to a Complaint Against Several Actions and Decisions of the Presbytery of Philadelphia Taken in a Special Meeting Held on July 7, 1944 (hereafter The Answer).

In the following, Herman Hoeksema quoted at length from The Answer.

(Hoeksema [1940s] 1995, 9-10):

"Let us learn, then, from The Answer just what is Dr. Clark's view of the incomprehensibility of God. We quote:"

"The view of the Complaint is that 'God because of his very nature must remain incomprehensible to man'; it is 'not the doctrine that God can be known only if he makes himself known and in so far as he makes himself known.' Moreover, all knowledge which man can attain differs from the knowledge of God 'in a qualitative sense and not merely in degree.' Thus God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not 'coincide at a single point.' A proposition does not 'have the same meaning for man as for God.' Man's knowledge is 'analogical to the knowledge God possesses, but it can never be identified with the knowledge' which God 'possesses of the same proposition.' 'The divine knowledge as divine transcends human knowledge as human, even when that human knowledge is a knowledge communicated by God.' 'Because of his very nature as infinite and absolute the knowledge which God possesses of himself and of all things must remain a mystery which the finite mind cannot penetrate.' This latter statement does not mean merely that man cannot penetrate this mystery unaided by revelation: It means that even revelation by God could not make man understand the mystery, for the preceding sentences assert that it is the nature of God that renders him incomprehensible, not the lack of a revelation about it. As the analysis proceeds, these quotations with the argument from which they are taken will be seen to imply two chief points. First, there is some truth that God cannot put into propositional form; this portion of truth cannot be expressed conceptually. Second, the portion of truth that God can express in propositional form never has the same meaning for man as it has for God. Every proposition that man knows has a qualitatively different meaning for God. Man can grasp only an analogy of the truth, which, because it is an analogy, is not the truth itself."

"On the other hand, Dr. Clark contends that the doctrine of the incomprehensibility of God as set forth in Scripture and in the Confession of Faith includes the following points: 1. The essence of God's being is incomprehensible to man except as God reveals truths concerning his own nature. 2. The manner of God's knowledge, an eternal intuition, is impossible for man. 3. Man can never know exhaustively and completely God's knowledge of any truth in all its relationships and implications; because every truth has an infinite number of relationships and implications and since each of these implications in turn has other infinite implications, these must ever, even in heaven, remain inexhaustible for man. 4. But, Dr. Clark maintains, the doctrine of the incomprehensibility of God does not mean that a proposition, e.g. two times two are four, has one meaning for man and a tentatively different meaning for God, or that some truth is conceptual and other truth is non-conceptual in nature."

We will set aside the question whether there are non-propositional truths since this question did not figure prominently in the subsequent debates.

Ignoring non-propositional truths for the sake of argument, Clark's answer to Van Til was clear and unambiguous:

(a) If the portion of truth that God can express in propositional form never has the same meaning for man as it has for God, then every proposition that man knows has a qualitatively different meaning for God.

(b) Man can grasp only an analogy of the truth, which, because it is an analogy, is not the truth itself.

(c) Since man cannot know the truth itself, he is reduced to skepticism.

Applying the Creator-creation Distinction to the objects of knowledge leads to skepticism!

I like to impress upon the readers that many of the phrases found in The Text of a Complaint is a direct result of Van Til applying the Creator-creation Distinction to the objects of knowledge.

Van Til concluded from the application that the objects of knowledge for God must be ontologically different from the objects of knowledge for human persons.

(a) The view of the Complaint is that "God because of his very nature must remain incomprehensible to man"; it is "not the doctrine that God can be known only if he makes himself known and in so far as he makes himself known."

Why, for Van Til, God by his nature must remain incomprehensible to man?

Because of the Creator-creation Distinction!

God is ontologically different from human persons.

(b) Moreover, all knowledge which man can attain differs from the knowledge of God "in a qualitative sense and not merely in degree."


Why, for Van Til, that all knowledge of God differs qualitatively from the knowledge of human persons?

Because the Creator-creation Distinction implies an ontological difference between the objects of God's knowledge and the objects of human knowledge.

(c) Thus God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not "coincide at a single point."

Why, for Van Til, God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not coincide at a single point?

Because the Creator-creation Distinction implies an ontological difference between the objects of God's knowledge and the objects of human knowledge.

(d) A proposition does not "have the same meaning for man as for God."


Why, for Van Til, that a proposition does not have the same meaning for man as for God?

Because the Creator-creation Distinction implies an ontological difference between the objects of God's knowledge and the objects of human knowledge.

(e) Man's knowledge is "analogical to the knowledge God possesses, but it can never be identified with the knowledge" which God "possesses of the same proposition."

Why, for Van Til, man's knowledge is analogical to God's knowledge, but can never be identified with God knowledge of the same proposition?

Because the Creator-creation Distinction implies an ontological difference between the objects of God's knowledge and the objects of human knowledge.

(f) "The divine knowledge as divine transcends human knowledge as human, even when that human knowledge is a knowledge communicated by God."


Why, for Van Til, the divine knowledge as divine transcends human knowledge as human, even when that human knowledge is a knowledge communicated by God?

Because the Creator-creation Distinction implies an ontological difference between the objects of God's knowledge and the objects of human knowledge.



6. Shifting the Ground of Debate – 3 Responses to Clark

I think Van Til and all who follow him felt the force of Clark's criticism.

And they responded differently.

I will now briefly survey three responses to Clark by the Van Tilians before coming to Greg L. Bahnsen.

(a) First, Van Til himself wrote a post-mortem to the Clark-Van Til Controversy in "Chapter 13 – The Incomprehensibility of God" of An Introduction to Systematic Theology ([1949] 1978).

I own a 1978 reprint of this book.

The specific pages dealing with Clark are from 167 to 173.

In them, Van Til made four points against Clark.

Of all people, John M. Frame has a point-by-point refutation of Van Til in pages 108 to 113 of his Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought (1995).

I must say that when I first read this portion of his book, I have the greatest of admiration for John Frame.

Frame was a student of Van Til's and then became one of his successors at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Frame is probably the premiere interpreter of Van Til living.

Yet, Frame is not afraid to call a spade a spade.

Criticizing Van Til in a book dedicated to promote his thought takes courage.

My hats off to John Frame.

(b) Second, Gilbert B. Weaver wrote an essay "Man: Analogue of God" ([1971] 1980).

Now, Weaver correctly noted that the Creator-creation Distinction "raises the fundamental question of how the two levels of being and knowledge are related. The answer to this Van Til calls analogy." ([1971] 1980, 324)

But Weaver's analysis danced around the issue whether God and man knows the identical propositions.

Does applying the Creator-creation Distinction to the objects of knowledge results in two different kinds of propositions?

Does Van Til's analogy relate two kinds of propositions: one uncreated (the objects of God's knowledge) while the other created (the objects of human knowledge)?

No answer.

Very disappointing.

(c) Third, John Frame made two proposals to resolve the Clark-Van Til Controversy (1995, 104-108).

Frame labeled the proposals as:

(i) "contents" as experience, and

(ii) "contents" as attributes.

Recall that Van Til applied the Creator-creation Distinction to epistemology and denied that a proposition has the same meaning for man as for God.

Since a proposition is itself the bearer of truth and meaning, denying that a proposition has the same meaning for God as for man amounts to denying that God and man can know the same proposition.

Clark answered that if God and man do not know the identical propositions but man only knows an analogy of what God knows, then man does not know any truths.

Applying the Creator-creation Distinction to the objects of knowledge leads to skepticism.

Van Til felt the force of Clark's criticism.

After The Answer, the position of Van Til and his colleagues became vague and ambiguous.

The reason is simple: Van Til has no case left against Clark.

Not willing to admit they had made a mistake and withdrew The Text of a Complainant, the Van Tilians surreptitiously shifted their ground.

That is how the term "content of thought" became the focus of the later debate.

"Content of thought" has a clear enough meaning, but the term is plastic enough that one can bend it and fill it with other meanings.

"Content of thought" is what a thinker of thought thinks.

It is an object of thought.

If the context is about knowledge, then the "content of thought" is a proposition.

This is because a person knows truths and all truths are propositional.

What a person thinks when he knows truths is a proposition.

Recall from the summary of The Text of a Complaint by Hoeksema (see section 4 above) -- at the beginning of the Controversy, "content" refers to propositions.

What is Frame doing with his two proposals?

Frame is trying to fill "content of thought" with a meaning that is different from an object of thought and unnatural in context.

Frame is trying to fill "content" with experiences or attributes rather than propositions.

Frame does so in order to resolve the Clark-Van Til Controversy.

I do not think the proposals work.

But rather than digress into a long explanation of why I do not think Frame proposals works, let me note the following two consequences of his proposal:

(i) Frame has shifted the ground of debate of the Clark-Van Til Controversy away from propositions (objects of thought) to experiences (of a subject of thought) and attributes (the divine attributes);

(ii) Frame left the original question of the debate unresolved: Does applying the Creator-creation Distinction to epistemology results in two kinds of propositions -- uncreated propositions as objects of God's knowledge and created propositions as objects of man's knowledge?

Frame himself note that "I am a bit amazed that with all the intellectual firepower expended on this issue during the 1940s, nobody made use of these or some similar formulations to bring the parties together." (1995, 107)

I am not amazed.

I am not amazed because the disagreements between Clark and Van Til were substantial and not verbal.

Shifting the ground of debate does only that -- the ground of the debate has been shifted.

Shifting the ground of debate does not resolve the original disagreements.

I appreciate Frame's irenic spirit.

But when there are real intellectual disagreements, it is better to argue them out than to cover them up in the name of peace and harmony.

(d) Van Til had a theory.

Van Til believed that applying the Creator-creation Distinction (an ontological distinction) to the objects of knowledge will result in two kinds of propositions: one uncreated and one created.

When he filed The Text of a Complaint, Van Til knew what he was complaining about.

But Clark's The Answer pointed out the skeptical implications of this move.

Van Til did not have the courage to admit he made a mistake and withdrew The Text of a Complaint.

Thereafter, Van Til's position became fuzzy.

Van Til's position became fuzzy because he had to hide the fact that he has no case left against Clark.



7. Bahnsen Wrote a Book

The late Greg L. Bahnsen wrote a book about Van Til called Van Til's Apologetic: Readings and Analysis and was posthumously published in 1998.

Bahnsen showed insights into Van Til's thinking.

Recognizing that Bahnsen's book is about Van Til and not Clark, I nevertheless find Bahnsen treatment of Clark and the Clark-Van Til Controversy heavy-handed and very misleading.



8. Why did Clark left the OPC?

(Bahnsen 1998, 16-17):

"Many well-known Christian scholars and teachers in America studied under Van Til, including the popular apologists Edward J. Carnell and Francis Schaeffer. During his career, Van Til also dealt in a critical fashion with the apologists J. Oliver Buswell (an inductivist) and Gordon Clark (a deductivist), both of whom were at one time ministers in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church. In the mid-1930s, Buswell left that communion, subsequently taking issue with Van Til's consistent Calvinism and philosophical presuppositionalism. In the mid-1940s, Clark became embroiled in ecclesiastical controversy over his views of God's incomprehensibility, the primacy of the intellect, and other matters, eventually leaving the denomination and severely criticizing Van Til's theory of knowledge."

Bahnsen description is formally correct but very misleading:

(a) Bahnsen: "In the mid-1940s, Clark became embroiled in ecclesiastical controversy over his views of God's incomprehensibility, the primacy of the intellect, and other matters . . ."

But did Bahnsen tell his readers why Clark became embroiled in ecclesiastical controversy?

It was because Van Til and his colleagues filed a complaint against Clark's ordination in the OPC!

(b) Bahnsen: ". . . eventually leaving the denomination and severely criticizing Van Til's theory of knowledge."

Here, Bahnsen gave his readers the impression that after "leaving the denomination [OPC]", Clark began to "severely criticizing Van Til's theory of knowledge."

This is disingenuous and misleading.

(c) Why did Clark left the OPC?

Clark left the OPC because after failing to defrock him, Van Til and his colleagues then went after Floyd E. Hamilton, a Clark supporter during the Controversy.

We have to read John W. Robbins (1986, 32-32) to get a fairer picture of what happened:

"Despite, or perhaps because of, their failure to defrock Dr. Clark, the Van Til faction immediately brought similar charges against one of the men who had been defending Clark. Rather than face another three years of harassment, the defenders of Clark left the O.P.C. in disgust, and Dr. Clark went with them. Clark's defenders saw no point in waging another battle like the one they had just fought and won against a stubborn faction of men who were less than enthusiastic about the peace and purity of the church. The faction's complaint against Dr. Clark was described in 1948 by the Presbytery of Ohio as 'employing harshly unrestrained and rashly unqualified language . . . to the defaming of the reputation of Dr. Gordon H. Clark by unproven allegations of rationalism [and] humanistic intellectualism . . ."

As Herman Hoeksema had written, the Clark-Van Til Controversy should have had been an academic debate and not an ecclesiastical controversy.

Cornelius Van Til and his colleagues made it into an ecclesiastical controversy.

Fifty years later, Greg L. Bahnsen sugar-coated the facts and gave misleading impressions to his readers.

This to promote his mentor Cornelius Van Til.

This is not good.



9. Is the Bible the Highest Authority in Clark's Philosophy?

(Bahnsen 1998, 17 n.57):

"See chap. 8.5 below. Clark's own epistemology at first demanded that the Bible be treated as a hypothesis that must pass the test of logical coherence in order to be accepted. See 'Special Divine Revelation as Rational,' in Revelation and the Bible, ed. Carl F.H. Henry (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959), 37; A Christian View of Men and Things (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952), 24-25, 31, 92, 147, 273, 318, 324. He claimed: 'The attempt to show the Bible's logical consistency is, I believe, the best method of defending inspiration' ('How May I know the Bible Is Inspired?' in Can I trust My Bible? [Chicago: Moody Press, 1963], 23)."

"But Clark later went so far as to deny altogether that knowledge is derived through sense observation -- a position that has been easily reduced to skepticism, since one must use one's senses to gain knowledge even from the Bible. See 'The Wheaton Lectures,' in The Philosophy of Gordon H. Clark, ed. Ronald H. Nash (Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1968), 23-122; cf. Ronald Nash, 'Gordon Clark's Theory of Knowledge,' 125-75. Though sometimes called a presuppositionalist, the later Clark actually treated Christianity as an unprovable, fideistic first axiom, which is merely chosen or posited (Three Types of Religious Philosophy [Nutley, N.J.: Craig Press, 1973], 7-8, 104-7, 110). In both his rationalistic and his fideistic phases, Clark fell short of treating the Bible as the highest (self-attesting) authority and as the basis for a transcendental challenge to unbelief."

(a) Bahnsen: "Clark's own epistemology at first demanded that the Bible be treated as a hypothesis that must pass the test of logical coherence in order to be accepted."

I believe coherence is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the truth of a set of propositions.

Any set of claims that is inconsistent must contain one or more errors somewhere.

If God reveals only truths and no falsehoods, and if the Bible is the Word of God, then the Biblical claims must be consistent.

Any set of claims that contains inconsistencies, therefore, cannot be wholly the Word of God.

This is only simple logic.

It is only for the Van Tilian's love for "apparent contradiction" that Bahnsen can make an issue out of this.

(b) Bahnsen: "He claimed: 'The attempt to show the Bible's logical consistency is, I believe, the best method of defending inspiration'."

What is wrong with this?

I think this shows insight on Clark's part.

(c) Bahnsen: "But Clark later went so far as to deny altogether that knowledge is derived through sense observation -- a position that has been easily reduced to skepticism, since one must use one's senses to gain knowledge even from the Bible."

Clark denied empiricism, the claim that knowledge acquisition begins with sensation and a blank mind.

If Bahnsen was careful in reading Clark, he should have noticed that Clark never denied that our senses can play a part in knowledge acquisition.

What Clark claimed is that the empiricists have failed to specify the part play by the senses in knowledge acquisition.

There is a big difference between the two claims.

Bahnsen, being the scholar he was, should know better.

(d) Bahnsen: "Though sometimes called a presuppositionalist, the later Clark actually treated Christianity as an unprovable, fideistic first axiom, which is merely chosen or posited."

Some have observed that some Van Tilians attempted to prove their first axiom or presuppositions.

One wonders what they are presupposing: their presuppositions or what they used to prove their presuppositions.

Does Clark allows that the Biblical claims be refutable if false?

My opinion is that Clark does allow refutation.

That is one reason why Clark engaged in apologetics -- to refute the claim that the Bible contains falsehoods.

Maybe we can use Karl Popper's terminology and called a claim that was tested but not yet falsified "corroborated".

I think Clark's philosophy allows for the "corroboration" of Biblical claims.

(e) Bahnsen: "In both his rationalistic and his fideistic phases, Clark fell short of treating the Bible as the highest (self-attesting) authority and as the basis for a transcendental challenge to unbelief."

This is not a fair statement of Clark's position.

Can Bahnsen see that there is no inconsistency between the following two claims:

(i) Epistemologically, the Bible is the highest (self-attesting) authority; and

(ii) Methodologically, the Bible may be treated as a posit or a hypothesis.

Treating the Biblical claims methodologically as posits does not imply that epistemologically, one has to doubt the truth of what the Bible claimed.

As W.V. Quine has written: "to call a posit a posit is not to patronize it."

The fact that Clark treats the Bible as the axioms of his philosophy speaks for itself.

One wonders why there are continuous acrimony between the Clarkians and the Van Tilians?

Bahnsen, with his scholarly reputation, could have done something to end the acrimony.

I do not expect Bahnsen to agree with Clark.

But Bahnsen could have helped end the acrimony by treating Clark's position fairly.

I am disappointed he did not.



10. Bahnsen the Revisionist

(a) (Bahnsen 1998, 227 n.152):

"The vague expression 'thought content' has played havoc in many a theological and philosophical dispute, and its ability to generate confusion was conspicuous in the Clark-Van Til controversy as well. I believe that by 'thought content' Van Til meant the thinking activity in which the mind of God engages, which mental 'experience' (notice the very next sentence in Van Til's text) is metaphysically different from the operations of man's mind."

"To understand Van Til, the reader must remember his resistance to the notion of 'abstract knowledge' or 'abstract truth' -- the notion that there are ideas that exist in themselves, apart from God's mind and man's mind, and to which both minds must look (or conform) in order to possess the truth (knowledge). This is not really idiosyncratic. The problems of 'knowledge' are construed in the idealistic tradition (within which Van Til matured philosophically) with a concern for relating the subject of knowing to that which is known; discussions of 'the nature of thought' take a special place, all of them focusing on knowledge as an act of mind. Knowing is an activity relating a mind to the truths known by it. Anyway, in Van Til's perspective, all cases of knowledge are concrete acts of knowing, either by God or by man. For man to know the proposition that '2 is the square root of 4' or that 'Mecca fell to the forces of Mohammed in 630' is to know something of God's thinking. If these are called 'ideas,' they are ideas 'in God's mind' (about things that are, nonetheless, not identical with God). God's 'thought content' actively makes these things so (i.e., actively makes the truth), while man's 'thought content' does not (being passive with regard to the truth)."

"Gordon Clark unnecessarily cast Van Til's terminology in a highly negative light. Likewise, Ronald Nash deems 'the most serious objection' to Van Til's position to be Clark's criticism, namely: 'According to Van Til, God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not (and cannot) coincide at a single point, from which it follows that no proposition can mean the same thing to God and man' ('Attack on Human Autonomy,' 349). Similarly, after expressing extensive appreciation for the apologetical work of Van Til, Robert L. Reymond says that, nevertheless, his major concerns is with Van Til's doctrine of 'analogical' knowledge because by it God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not 'coincide' at a single point 'as to content' (The Justification of Knowledge [Nutley, N.J.: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1976], 98-105). But Reymond has not taken the reference to 'content' in the way Van Til intended (namely, referring to the active experience of the mind's knowing something). This misreading is evident when Reymond, indicating how he had interpreted Van Til, writes: 'The solution to all of Van Til's difficulties is to affirm, as Scriptures teaches, that both God and man share the same concept of truth and the same theory of language' (p.105). But it is clear from Van Til's own words that 'no coincidence' in 'content' never meant a difference in the knowledge, truth, theory of truth, meaning, or theory of meaning regarding that which God and man both know."

(b) In the beginning of the Clark-Van Til Controversy, the term "thought content" has a clear enough meaning.

Recall from the summary of The Text of a Complaint by Hoeksema (see section 4 above) -- at the beginning of the Controversy, "content" refers to propositions.

In the context of the objects of knowledge, "thought content" refers to propositions.

This is because a person knows truths and all truths are propositional.

Thus the objects of knowledge are propositions.

What a person thinks about when he knows truths is a proposition.

Thus, in the context of the objects of knowledge, "thought content" refers to propositions.

(c) As I have repeatedly indicated, in the beginning of the Controversy, Van Til applied the Creator-creature Distinction to the objects of knowledge.

And Clark has pointed out the skeptical implications of this move.

Van Til, unwilling to admit that he has made a mistake in filing The Text of a Complaint against Clark, became fuzzy about the term "thought content".

Bahnsen picked up on that: "The vague expression 'thought content' has played havoc in many a theological and philosophical dispute, and its ability to generate confusion was conspicuous in the Clark-Van Til controversy as well."

But in the beginning of the Controversy, "thought content" was not vague.

"Thought content" refers to propositions.

It was only after Clark pointed out the skeptical implications of Van Til's position that Van Til began to fudge on this term.

Van Til became vague and ambiguous in order to hide the fact that he has no case left against Clark.

In order to save the face of his teacher Van Til, Bahnsen made a heroic effort by redefining the term "thought content".

How did Bahnsen do so?

Bahnsen: "I believe that by 'thought content' Van Til meant the thinking activity in which the mind of God engages, which mental 'experience' (notice the very next sentence in Van Til's text) is metaphysically different from the operations of man's mind."

The natural meaning of "thought content" is an object of thought.

Now Bahnsen has to torturously redefine "thought content" as "thinking activity" or "mental experience" in order to rescue Van Til from skepticism.

Like John Frame, Bahnsen tried to shift the ground of debate.

Frame does so to resolve the Clark-Van Til Controversy.

Bahnsen does so to cover-up for Van Til.

Bahnsen tried to shift the ground of debate from "propositions" (objects of thought) to "thinking activity" (the mechanism of knowledge acquisition) or "mental experience" (of the subject of knowledge).

(d) I do not find Bahnsen's redefinition convincing for three reasons:

(i) Bahnsen based his redefinition on Van Til's An Introduction to Systematic Theology.

(The relevant section of Bahnsen's book is "section 4.5 Thinking God's Thoughts after Him" (Bahnsen 1998, 220-260).)

(Throughout this section, the main and earliest writing of Van Til's Bahnsen appealed to is An Introduction to Systematic Theology.)


According to Bahnsen's own "Bibliography of Van Til's Works Cited" (1998, 737), An Introduction to Systematic Theology was first printed in 1949.

But the Clark-Van Til Controversy was ended before 1949!

How can Clark and his supporters studied a work printed after the Controversy in order to determine what Van Til meant by the term "thought content" during the controversy?

This is patently unreasonable.

To be convincing, Bahnsen needed to quote from The Text of a Complaint itself.

Van Til is notorious for leaving his key terms vague and undefined.

If it can be done, let those who come after Bahnsen built their case for Van Til against Clark from The Text of a Complaint!

(ii) Bahnsen's redefinition left the rationale for the Clark-Van Til Controversy hanging in the air.

If Van Til meant by "thought content" thinking activities or mental experiences, then why did Van Til complained against Clark?

Clark never denied that God and man have different thinking activities or mental experiences.

Bahnsen's redefinition has left Van Til with no reason to complain against Clark.

(iii) As we have already noted, John Frame in 1995 claimed to make two original proposals to resolve the Clark-Van Til Controversy: "Contents as experience" and "Contents as attributes".

If Frame's proposal in 1995 was original, then Bahnsen claimed that in 1949 Van Til already meant "thought content" as mental experiences cannot be true.

(e) The ambiguity associated with the term "thought content" was of Van Til's own making.

Van Til has to keep the term ambiguous in order to hide the fact that he has no case left against Clark.

Bahnsen, anxious to save the face of his mentor, compounded the ambiguity by redefining "thought content" as either thinking activities or mental experiences.

Bahnsen even complained: "Gordon Clark unnecessarily cast Van Til's terminology in a highly negative light. Likewise, Ronald Nash deems 'the most serious objection' to Van Til's position to be Clark's criticism, namely: 'According to Van Til, God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not (and cannot) coincide at a single point, from which it follows that no proposition can mean the same thing to God and man' ('Attack on Human Autonomy,' 349). Similarly, after expressing extensive appreciation for the apologetical work of Van Til, Robert L. Reymond says that, nevertheless, his major concerns is with Van Til's doctrine of 'analogical' knowledge because by it God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not 'coincide' at a single point 'as to content' . . ."

Bahnsen complained that Gordon Clark, Ronald Nash and Robert Reymond did not understand Van Til correctly.

But Bahnsen should have nothing to complaint about.

The muddle was of Van Til's own making.

Van Til muddled the water in order to hide the fact that he had no case left against Clark.



11. The Two Horns of a Dilemma

Bahnsen: "But it is clear from Van Til's own words that 'no coincidence' in 'content' never meant a difference in the knowledge, truth, theory of truth, meaning, or theory of meaning regarding that which God and man both know."

This concluding sentence of Bahnsen's is most telling.

If Bahnsen is right, then one wonders what the Clark-Van Til Controversy is all about.

If Bahnsen last sentence is right, then Van Til owed the whole OPC an apology for starting the Clark-Van Til Controversy!

We have to understand that Bahnsen was caught up in a dilemma.

The two horns of the dilemma are:

(a) If Van Til believes that "the knowledge, truth, theory of truth, meaning, or theory of meaning regarding that which God and man both know" is the same, then Van Til agrees with Clark.

This means Van Til has no cause to complaint against Clark.

(b) If Van Til believes that "the knowledge, truth, theory of truth, meaning, or theory of meaning regarding that which God and man both know" is different, then Van Til is reduced to skepticism.

Again, this means Van Til has no cause to complaint against Clark.

So what can Bahnsen do?

What Bahnsen did was to cover-up that Van Til had no cause left to complaint against Clark.

Bahnsen did this by re-defining the term "thought content".

Instead of referring to an object of thought, "thought content" now refers to either thinking activities or mental experiences.

Bahnsen cover-up for Van Til by shifting the ground of debate.

With this switching of meaning in hand, Bahnsen even chided Clark: "Gordon Clark unnecessarily cast Van Til’s terminology in a highly negative light".

Bahnsen chided Van Til's critics for not understanding correctly what Van Til meant by "thought content".

But by any reasonable standard, the onus is on a writer to define his terms.

A writer should define his terms clearly and unambiguously so that he can be understood.

Van Til failed to do so.

Van Til and his associates picked a fight and filed a complaint against Clark.

Clark was forced to response to Van Til's vagueness and ambiguities.

Instead of chiding Van Til for his vagueness and ambiguities, Bahnsen chided the critics.

How fair is this?



12. When Black Becomes White

I do not object to revising our opinions.

In fact, learning from mistakes implies that one has to revise one's opinions.

But the important thing is that one must be up-front about one's mistakes and changes of mind.

But for one:

(a) to made a mistake,

(b) being pointed out by a critic that one has made a mistake,

(c) changed one's own position to accommodate the criticism,

but

(d) turn-around and claimed the revised position as one's original position, and then

(e) accuse the critic of being unfair in characterizing one's "original" (really the revised) position

is most distasteful.

This, I am afraid, is what I think Bahnsen has done for Van Til's analogical knowledge.

What happened was that:

(a) Van Til claimed that God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not coincide at any single point,

(By now, the reader should know that this is a consequence of Van Til applying the Creator-creation Distinction to the objects of knowledge.)

(b) Clark pointed out that Van Til's position would lead to skepticism,

(c) Bahnsen the revisionist came along and re-define "thought content" as thinking activities or mental experiences rather than an object of thought,

and

(d) Bahnsen turn-around and claimed his re-definition as Van Til's original position, and then

(e) Bahnsen accused Gordon Clark and John Robbins of seriously misconstrued what Van Til has taught.

This is most distasteful.

I would have to say this is also dishonest.

(Bahnsen 1998, 228-229 n.159):

"In the 1940s dispute, the Clarkian opponents of Van Til seriously misconstrued what he taught. The 'Answer' to the 'Complaint' (against Clark's views and ordination) charged the Van Tillians with holding that 'man can grasp only an analogy of the truth itself.' Van Til did not teach that what we know is only an analogy of God (or truth about Him), much less that univocal predication regarding God must be rejected, but rather that we know God (as well as His creation) analogously to His knowing Himself (and His creation). A few years following the dispute, Gordon Clark again portrayed Van Til as holding that propositions have a different meaning (equivocation) for God and man, and that man is ignorant of the truth that is in God's mind, possessing only analogy of the truth rather than the truth itself. Thus he charged Van Til with unrelieved skepticism and neoorthodox existentialism ('The Bible as Truth,' Bibliotheca Sacra 114 [April-June 1957]: 157-70; see also Ronald H. Nash, 'Gordon Clark's Theory of Knowledge,' in The Philosophy of Gordon H. Clark, ed. Ronald H. Nash [Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1968], 162). Clark acknowledged that his negative characterizations of Van Til's position were contrary to what Van Til himself said, but he reasoned that the way Van Til expressed certain things implied those characterizations -- in which case Van Til must have been 'retracting' his affirmations of man's knowledge of the very truth in God's mind. In other words, Clark thought that Van Til was confused. A handful of contemporary disciples of Clark have perpetuated this dubious line of argument. For example, John W. Robbins has declared that Van Til was an irrationalist who asserted 'that we do not know the same truth as God knows, but only an analogy of the truth' (letter to the editor, Journey Magazine 3, no. 3 [May-June 1988]: 15)."



13. Saddling Clark with An Error

In (Bahnsen 1998, 228-229 n.159), Bahnsen claimed that Clark seriously misconstrued what Van Til has taught.

I have already quoted Footnote 159 in full in section 12 above.

I will now evaluate whether Bahnsen's claim is correct.

If one just read Bahnsen and nothing else on the Clark-Van Til Controversy, then one can be mislead into forming the opinion that Clark misconstrued Van Til.

But if one read the other documents relating to the Controversy, one cannot but felt how misleading Bahnsen is.

I will ask two questions regarding Bahnsen's criticism:

(a) Did Clark misconstrue Van Til's term "thought content"?

(b) Regarding human's knowledge in relation to God's knowledge, did "Clark acknowledged that his negative characterizations of Van Til's position was contrary to what Van Til himself said"?

Did Clark misconstrue Van Til's term "thought content"?

If one accepts Bahnsen's re-definition of "thought content", then Clark certainly did misconstrued Van Til.

But remember, Bahnsen based his re-definition on Van Til's An Introduction to Systematic Theology ([1949] 1978), a book printed after the Clark-Van Til Controversy.

Let me re-phrase the question then: Did Clark misconstrues Van Til's "thought content" of The Text of a Complaint?

The following long quotation is from Clark's "The Bible As Truth" ([1957] 1982, 30-31):

"The professors above referred to assert that 'there is a qualitative difference between the contents of the knowledge of God and the contents of the knowledge possible to man' (The Text, p. 5, col. 1). That there is a most important qualitative difference between the knowledge situation in the case of God and the knowledge situation for man cannot possibly be denied without repudiating all Christian theism. God is omniscient, His knowledge is not acquired, and His knowledge according to common terminology is intuitive while man's is discursive. These are some of the differences and doubtless the list could be extended. But if both God and man know, there must be with the differences be at least one point of similarity; for if there were no point of similarity, it would be inappropriate to use the one term knowledge in both cases. Whether this point of similarity is to be found in the contents of knowledge or whether the contents differ, depends on what is meant by the term contents. Therefore, more specifically worded statements are needed. The theory under discussion goes on to say: 'We dare not maintain that his knowledge and our knowledge coincide at any single point' (ibid., p. 5, col. 3); and the authors repudiate another view on the grounds that 'a proposition would have to have the same meaning for God as for man' (ibid., p. 7, col. 3). These statements are by no means vague. The last one identifies content and meaning so that the content of God's knowledge is not its intuitive character, for example, but the meaning of the propositions, such as David killed Goliath. Twice it is denied that a proposition can mean the same thing for God and man; and to make it unmistakable they say that God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not coincide at any single point. Here it will stand repetition to say that if there is not a single point of coincidence it is meaningless to use the single term knowledge for both God and man. Spinoza in attacking Christianity argued that the term intellect as applied to God and as applied to man was completely equivocal, just as the term dog is applied to a four-legged animal that barks and to the star in the sky. In such a case, therefore, if knowledge be defined, either God knows and man cannot or man knows and God cannot. If there is not a single point of coincidence, God and man cannot have the same thing, viz., knowledge."

Bahnsen alluded to Clark's "The Bible As Truth" ([1957] 1982) and claimed that Clark has misconstrued Van Til.

That is, Bahnsen claimed that Clark has misconstrued Van Til according to his (Bahnsen's) re-definition of Van Til's "thought content".

Remember, Bahnsen's re-definition used Van Til's An Introduction to Systematic Theology ([1949] 1978) as his authority.

Now Clark did claim, as Bahnsen puts it: "Gordon Clark again portrayed Van Til as holding that propositions have a different meaning (equivocation) for God and man . . . ".

But notice from the quotation above that three times Clark quoted from The Text of a Complaint to establish what he understands The Text of a Complaint meant by "content".

Clark was very careful in being fair and accurate in stating his opponent's position.

Bahnsen relied on Van Til's An Introduction to Systematic Theology ([1949] 1978), a book written after the Clark-Van Til Controversy.

Clark relied on the original source document The Text of a Complaint.

Who has the better authority?

Of course Clark did!

(By the way, this should already suggest to the reader that there is something very wrong with Bahnsen's re-definition. Either Bahnsen did not understand Van Til's An Introduction to Systematic Theology ([1949] 1978) correctly, or Van Til has shifted his ground in that book, or both.)

Not only did Clark have the better authority, but in his allusion to "The Bible As Truth" ([1957] 1982), Bahnsen never challenge Clark on the ground that Clark has misread The Text of a Complaint.

Why?

Because in re-defining "thought content", Bahnsen was covering-up for Van Til.



14. Saddling Clark with Another Error

My second question is: Regarding human's knowledge in relation to God's knowledge, did "Clark acknowledged that his negative characterizations of Van Til's position were contrary to what Van Til himself said"?

In answering this question, please keep in mind that we are considering 5 different documents.

In chronological order they are:

(a) The Text of a Complaint by Van Til and his colleagues;

(b) The Answer by Clark and his supporters;

(c) The Incomprehensibility of God by A Committee for the Complainants.

(d) "Chapter 13 – The Incomprehensibility of God" of An Introduction to Systematic Theology ([1949] 1978) by Van Til; and

(e) "The Bible As Truth" ([1957] 1982) by Clark.

The Text of a Complaint is the document by Van Til and his supporters that started the Clark-Van Til Controversy.

The Answer is the original response by Clark and his supporters to The Text of a Complaint. 


The Incomprehensibility of God by A Committee for the Complainants is a response by the Van Tilians to The Answer.

"Chapter 13 – The Incomprehensibility of God" of An Introduction to Systematic Theology ([1949] 1978) by Van Til was his post-mortem of the Controversy.

"The Bible As Truth" ([1957] 1982) was Clark's post-mortem of the Controversy.

The following quotation is from Clark's "The Bible As Truth" ([1957] 1982).

(This paragraph follows immediately the paragraph I quoted above in section 13.)

(Clark [1957] 1982, 31-32):

"After these five professors had signed this co-operative pronouncement some of them published an explanation of it in which they said: 'Man may and does know the same truth that is in the divine mind . . . [yet] when man says that God is eternal he cannot possibly have in mind a conception of eternity that is identical or that coincides with God's own thought of eternity' (A Committee for the Complainants, The Incomprehensibility of God, p.3). In this explanatory statement it is asserted that the same truth may and does occur in man's mind and in God's. This of course means that there is at least one point of coincidence between God's knowledge and ours. But while they seem to retract their former position in one line, they reassert it in what follows. It seems that when man says God is eternal he cannot possibly have in mind what God means when God asserts His own eternity. Presumably the concept eternity is an example standing for all concepts, so that the general position would be that no concept can be predicated of a subject by man in the same sense in which it is predicated by God. But if a predicate does not mean the same thing to man as it does to God, then, if God's meaning is the correct one, it follows that man's meaning is incorrect and he is therefore ignorant of the truth that is in God's mind."

Regarding human's knowledge in relation to God's knowledge, Bahnsen claimed that "Clark acknowledged that his negative characterizations of Van Til's position were contrary to what Van Til himself said . . . ".

Did Clark make such an acknowledgement?

Did Clark misread The Text of a Complaint?

Bahnsen gave his readers the impression that Clark knew that his characterizations of Van Til's position were contrary to what Van Til himself said, but Clark did it anyway.

Is that what Clark did?

Now that the relevant paragraphs from "The Bible As Truth" ([1957] 1982) have been quoted in full, the reader can see that Clark was commenting on two different documents.

Three times Clark quoted from The Text of a Complaint to establish his understanding of Van Til's "thought content".

Then Clark quoted from The Incomprehensibility of God by A Committee for the Complainants to show that there was a shift in Van Til's position.

Did Clark knowingly characterize Van Til's position contrary to what Van Til himself said?

The answer is an emphatic no.

To make his mentor Van Til looks good, Bahnsen has to conflate Clark's comments on two different documents in order to come up with that suggestion.

How fair is Bahnsen to Clark?
 



15. Conclusion: My Take of What Happened

When Van Til first filed The Text of a Complaint against Clark, Van Til meant by "thought content" an object of thought.

When the object of thought is also an object of knowledge, "thought content" refers to a truth or proposition.

If by "thought content" Van Til meant a proposition, then there is a genuine difference between the position of Van Til and Clark.

If by "thought content" Van Til meant a proposition, one can understand why Van Til would file a complaint against Clark.

In The Answer, Clark pointed out that if the objects of God's thought and the objects of human thought do not coincide at any single point, then human persons are reduce to skepticism.

Van Til felt the force of Clark's criticism.

But Van Til did not have the courage to admit that he made a mistake and retract The Text of a Complaint.

What Van Til did was he surreptitiously shifted his ground by being vague and ambiguous about what he meant by "thought content".

This can be seen in The Incomprehensibility of God by A Committee for the Complainants.

Van Til's main post-mortem of the Controversy was "Chapter 13 – The Incomprehensibility of God" of An Introduction to Systematic Theology ([1949] 1978).

Clark's main post-mortem of the Controversy was "The Bible As Truth" ([1957] 1982).

Bahnsen defended Van Til against Clark.

But Bahnsen was not able to build a case against Clark from the source document The Text of a Complaint.

And Bahnsen also felt the force of Clark's criticism.

What Bahnsen did was he used An Introduction to Systematic Theology ([1949] 1978) to help built a case against Clark.

But Van Til, whom also felt the force of Clark's criticism, has already surreptitiously shifted his ground in An Introduction to Systematic Theology ([1949] 1978).

Instead of frankly admitting that Van Til has made a mistake, Bahnsen perpetuated Van Til's mistake by re-defining "thought content" as thinking activities or mental experiences.

Since Clark never denied that either the thinking activities or the mental experiences of God and man are different, the up-shot of this cover-up is that Bahnsen has left Van Til with no cause to complain against Clark.

Bahnsen has left the rationale for the Clark-Van Til Controversy hanging in the air.

And given Bahnsen's popularity as a writer, he perpetuated the cover-up to the next generation of readers.

Now contrast how Frame and Bahnsen understand Van Til's application of the Creator-creation Distinction to the objects of knowledge:

(Frame 1995, 89): "Van Til sums up these emphases in the term analogy. Human knowledge is 'analogous' to God's, which means that it is (1) created and therefore different from God's own knowledge, and (2) subject to God's control and authority:".

(Bahnsen 1998, 227 n.152): "But it is clear from Van Til's own words that 'no coincidence' in 'content' never meant a difference in the knowledge, truth, theory of truth, meaning, or theory of meaning regarding that which God and man both know."

We can see that Frame is faithful to Van Til's application of the Creator-creation Distinction to the objects of knowledge.

According to Frame, for Van Til, human knowledge is created and therefore different from God's own knowledge.

Bahnsen takes the contrary position.

Bahnsen denies the application of the Creator-creation Distinction to the objects of knowledge.

Recall that a proposition is itself the bearer of truth and meaning.

In denying that there is a difference in the truth and meaning that God and man both know, Bahnsen denies the application of the Creator-creation Distinction to the objects of knowledge.

Bahnsen saved Van Til from the criticisms of Clark, but at the expense of surreptitiously surrendering to Clark's position.

For those of us who are sympathetic to Clark, we can take comfort in Bahnsen's statement: "But it is clear from Van Til's own words that 'no coincidence' in 'content' never meant a difference in the knowledge, truth, theory of truth, meaning, or theory of meaning regarding that which God and man both know."

For in making this statement, Bahnsen has conceded the Clark-Van Til Controversy to Gordon H. Clark!



References:

Bahnsen, Greg L. 1998. Van Til's Apologetic: Readings and Analysis. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company.

Clark, Gordon H. [1957] 1982. The Bible As Truth. Reprinted in God's Hammer: The Bible and Its Critics, 24-38. Jefferson, Maryland: The Trinity Foundation.

Frame, John M. 1995. Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company.

Hoeksema, Herman. [1940s] 1995. The Clark-Van Til Controversy. Hobbs, New Mexico: The Trinity Foundation.

Robbins, John W. 1986. Cornelius Van Til: The Man and the Myth. Jefferson, Maryland: The Trinity Foundation.

Van Til, Cornelius. [1949] 1978. An Introduction to Systematic Theology. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company.

Weaver, Gilbert B. [1971] 1980. Man: Analogue of God. In Jerusalem and Athens: Critical Discussions on the Philosophy and Apologetics of Cornelius Van Til, ed. E.R. Geehan, 321-327. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company.

End.

Sunday, July 6, 2014

[Document] 1944 -- The Answer

The Answer
 
To a Complaint Against Several Actions and Decisions of the
Presbytery of Philadelphia Taken in a Special Meeting Held
on July 7, 1944




 

Proposed to the

Presbytery of Philadelphia of The Orthodox
Presbyterian Church by the Committee Elected
by Presbytery to Prepare Such an Answer.


               ALAN TICHENOR, Chairman.
               ROBERT STRONG, Secretary.
               FLOYD E. HAMILTON.
               EDWIN H. RIAN.
               GORDON H. CLARK.





TABLE OF CONTENTS


THE LEGAL QUESTION   (5)

ON INCOMPREHENSIBILITY   (8)

ON INTELLECT, WILL, AND EMOTIONS   (26)

ON SOVEREIGNTY AND RESPONSIBILITY   (35)

ON THE OFFER OF THE GOSPEL   (38)






The transcript of the theological examination of July 7, 1944, is extremely inaccurate. Many of the words do not make good sense because of errors in reporting. It is quoted, however, without any attempt to correct the language. The references in this Answer are made in the following style:

(P. 10, 2; O. 40) indicates the Complaint, Printed Copy, page 10, column 2; Original page 40. The transcript of the theological examination of July 7, 1944 is cited by page and line.





The Legal Question

The Presbytery of Philadelphia hereby replies to the Complaint of Mr. John W. Betzold et al. against certain actions of the Presbytery in connection with its decisions to license and ordain Gordon H. Clark, Ph.D.


The Presbytery denies that the special meeting held on July 7, 1944, was illegal. The Complaint alleges that the meeting was illegal, on the ground that no emergency existed that justified the calling of the meeting. The Complaint seems to hold that even if a situation had prevailed which Presbytery would ordinarily regard as an emergency, yet even then the meeting would be illegal, since the particular business for which the meeting was called was not proper business to be conducted at a special meeting.

The special meeting in question was called in accordance with Form of Government, Chapter X, section 9. The Presbytery holds that there was an emergency which justified the calling of the meeting and that the calling of the meeting accords with accepted Presbyterian practice of many years' standing. The uniform practice of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. and of The Orthodox Presbyterian Church in this matter indicates the meaning which has consistently been placed upon this section of the Form of Government. A perusal of the minutes of any number of presbyteries of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. will indicate that for many years special meetings have been called when a sufficient number of presbyters felt that the convenience of the Presbytery or of some persons involved in the business created an emergency. This has been the consistent practice of the Presbytery of Philadelphia. Of the special meetings of the Presbytery recorded in the Minutes probably not one was called in an emergency that conformed to the Complaint's definition of the word -- i.e., "important occurrences unknown at their last meeting, and which cannot be safely deferred till their stated meeting, such as a scandal raised on a minister's character, tending to destroy his usefulness, and bring reproach on religion; or feuds in a congregation threatening its dissolution; or some dangerous error, or heresy broached . . ." (P. 1, 3; O. 4). All the special meetings held by this Presbytery have been held in accordance with recognized Presbyterian practice -- i.e., they have been called when the postponement of the business until the regular meeting would seriously inconvenience a candidate, a minister, a church, or the Presbytery. The complainants have all previously taken part in such meetings without complaint.

To refer to one of several instances that could be cited, on July 8, 1941, a special meeting was held to ordain Licentiate Eugene D. Bradford. The Minutes of Presbytery do not record what the emergency was that prompted the call for this meeting, but it is within the recollection of presbyters that Mr. Bradford had received and accepted a call to an independent church and that he and the church would have been seriously inconvenienced if his ordination had been delayed until the regular meeting of the Presbytery. The moderator and a sufficient number of other presbyters had judged that this was an emergency in accordance with the terms of Form of Government, Chapter X, section 9, and the Presbytery concurred in this judgment by proceeding with the business for which the meeting was called. There is no indication in the record that the actions of this meeting were not unanimous. Of the seven ministers present at that meeting, four are now among the complainants!

A postponement of the examination of Dr. Clark would have seriously inconvenienced him. For well over a year the matter of his ordination had been before the Presbytery. Dr. Clark had made two trips from Wheaton, ILL., to  Philadelphia to appear before the Presbytery or before its committee on candidates. He had traveled at his own expense about 3000 miles for these appearances. He had had to postpone planning his future until the matter of his ordination was settled. Further delay in planning his future would seriously have affected his usefulness in Christian service. At the time of the special meeting Dr. Clark was in the East on other business. He did not plan to be East at the time of the regular meeting, and could not have made a special trip at that time. Courtesy to Dr. Clark and consideration for him dictated the call of a special meeting at a time convenient for him. Those who were responsible for calling the meeting were careful to set a day when no impediment seemed to obtain to prevent the attendance of any member who could attend the regular meeting. That the date set was a most convenient one for the Presbytery is evidenced by the fact that the meeting was the most largely attended one in the history of the Presbytery.

The Presbytery would point out that a judicatory has a simple and most effective way of dealing with meetings for the calling of which it thinks there has been insufficient warrant. It can simply refuse to do the business for which it is called. This the Presbytery did not do on July 7, 1944, but proceeded with its business, in accordance with the terms of the call of the meeting.

There is no provision in the Form of Government of The Orthodox Presbyterian Chruch that a special meeting can be held only pro re nata. As a matter of fact, this term is not used in our Form of Government, nor in the Form of Government of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., upon which our Form of Government was based. To be sure, as the Complaint indicates, the Synod of 1760 judged that meetings pro re nata can be held only "on account of important occurrences unknown at their last meeting, and which cannot be safely deferred till their stated meeting" (P. 1, 3; O. 4). Yet the Synod of 1788 when it came time to adopt a Form of Government, which made provision for special meetings, did not provide for special meetings to be held only under these restricted terms. It is significant that this Synod, although it had the precedent set by the decision of the Synod of 1760 before it, did not denominate special meetings pro re nata. This expression has never occurred in the Form of Government of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. from the first edition, published in 1789, to the present date. There is no evidence that the Synod of 1788 in its Form of Government ever intended to restrict special meetings so drastically as the Synod of 1760 had indicated, and the Complaint certainly offers no evidence that the Form of Government of The Orthodox Presbyterian Church intended thus to restrict them. No presbytery of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. is known, in practice, to have so restricted the calling of special meetings, and certainly the Presbytery of Philadelphia of The Orthodox Presbyterian Church has never so restricted them. The Form of Government does not concern itself with the question whether the business to be done has newly arisen since the last regular meeting of the presbytery, but simply with the question whether an emergency exists important enough in the judgment of the moderator and of sufficient other presbyters, to warrant the calling of a special meeting.

The Presbytery thus maintains that the meeting of July 7, 1944, was legal in every respect, and it denies the plea of the complainants that this meeting "be found to have been illegally convened and that its acts and decisions and the acts and decisions issuing therefrom be declared null and void" (P. 2, 3; O. 7-8).


On Incomprehensibility 

In turning from the legal aspect of the Complaint to the theological aspects, the Presbytery wishes first of all to underscore the tenuous subtlety of the questions involved. Note well that Dr. Clark without equivocation subscribed to the Westminster Confession of Faith. The second examination concerned itself largely with the philosophical implications of certain phrases in the Confession and the particular interpretations which the questioners, now the complainants, placed upon them. This fact must be made clear to everyone who desires to see this Complaint in its true light. Dr. Clark accepts the Westminster Confession of Faith. The complainants found no objection to Dr. Clark's doctrinal views under the heading of the verbal and plenary inspiration of Scripture, the creation, providence and miracles, or the fall of man. The complainants have not attempted to attack Dr. Clark's doctrine of the atonement, effectual calling, justification by faith, sanctification, or eschatology. It is therefore not surprising that at the most largely attended meeting of the Presbytery of Philadelphia in history Dr. Clark's examination in theology was sustained by more than a three-fourths vote of the Presbytery. Even some of the complainants themselves at that meeting of Presbytery voted to sustain the examination in theology. More than three-fourths of the Presbytery of Philadelphia were satisfied of Dr. Clark's adherence to the Westminster Confession of Faith.

And now a Complaint against the Presbytery is signed by thirteen persons alleging errors in Dr. Clark's views regarding (1) the incomprehensibility of God and the relationship of God's knowledge to man's knowledge; (2) the relationships among the intellect, will, and emotions; (3) the relationship between divine sovereignty and human responsibility; (4) the offer of the gospel to man. Underlying all the charges is an assumption that Dr. Clark's thinking "bears all the earmarks of rationalism, humanistic intellectualism" and "vicious independence from God" (P. 10, 2; O. 40).

The first section of the Complaint is concerned with the doctrine of the incomprehensibility of God. Before analyzing this section step by step the Presbytery thinks it best to make some general observations on the doctrine in question. The Complaint, as will be seen, charges "that Dr. Clark's view of the incomprehensibility of God is definitely at variance with the meaning that this doctrine has had in Christian theology" (P. 5, 1; O. 18). This charge assumes that throughout Christian theology this doctrine has had but one definite meaning, for the Complaint (P. 4, 2; O. 15) also refers to "its uniform significance in the history of Christian thought"; the charge assumes that the complainants' theory is that one definite meaning; and that Dr. Clark in disagreeing with them rejects this uniform element in Christian theology. These assumptions, however, are false. The incomprehensibility of God, as explained by Dionysus the Areopagite, is quite different from the doctrine as explained by Charles Hodge. A comparison between two other theologians might show other differences, even though less violent. The assumption that it is possible to determine "the meaning that this doctrine has had in Christian theology" is therefore a false assumption. Furthermore, several of the particular points at issue in this Complaint have received far from exhaustive treatment in the history of theology. The Presbytery cannot assert that no book or manuscript has ever discussed these points, but it can assert that there is no well defined position recognized by any large number of theologians.

The view of the Complaint is that "God because of his very nature must remain incomprehensible to man" (P. 2, 3; O. 8); it is "not the doctrine that God can be known only if he makes himself known and in so far as he makes himself known" (ibid.). Moreover all knowledge which man can attain differs from the knowledge of God "in a qualitative sense and not merely in degree" (P. 4, 2; O. 15). Thus God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not "coincide at any single point" (P. 5, 3; O. 21). A proposition does not "have the same meaning for man as for God" (P. 5, 2; O. 20). Man's knowledge is "analogical to the knowledge God possesses, but it can never be identified with the knowledge" which God "possesses of the same proposition" (P. 5, 3; O. 21). "The divine knowledge as divine transcends human knowledge as human, even when that human knowledge is a knowledge communicated by God" (P. 3, 1; O. 9). "Because of his very nature as infinite and absolute the knowledge which God possesses of himself and of all things must remain a mystery which the finite mind of man cannot penetrate" (ibid.). This latter statement does not mean merely that man cannot penetrate this mystery unaided by revelation: it means that even revelation by God could not make man understand the mystery, for the preceding sentences assert that it is the nature of God that renders him incomprehensible, not the lack of a revelation about it. As the analysis proceeds, these quotations with  the argument from which they are taken will be seen to imply two chief points. First, there is some truth that God cannot put into propositional form; this portion of truth cannot be expressed conceptually. Second, the portion of truth that God can express in propositional form never has the same meaning for man as it has for God. Every proposition that man knows has a qualitatively different meaning for God. Man can grasp only an analogy of the truth, which, because it is an analogy, is not the truth itself.

On the other hand Dr. Clark contends that the doctrine of the incomprehensibilty of God as set forth in Scripture and in the Confession of Faith includes the following points: 1. The essence of God's being is incomprehensible to man except as God reveals truths concerning his own nature; 2. The manner of God's knowing, an eternal intuition, is impossible for man; 3. Man can never know exhaustively and completely God's knowledge of any truth in all its relationships and implications; because every truth has an infinite number of relationships and implications and since each of these implications in turn has other infinite implications, these must ever, even in heaven, remain inexhaustible for man; 4. But, Dr. Clark maintains, the doctrine of the incomprehensibility of God does not mean that a proposition, e.g., two times two are four, has one meaning for man and a qualitatively different meaning for God, or that some truth is conceptual and other truth is non-conceptual in nature.

Here is the crux of the issue. By insisting that God's knowledge is qualitatively different from that of man and that "his knowledge and our knowledge" do not "coincide at any single point," the Complaint is advancing a theory of a two-fold truth; while Dr. Clark holds that the nature of truth is one, that if a man knows any item of truth, both God and man know that same identical item, and that on this item God's knowledge and man's knowledge coincide. According to the Complaint man can never know even one item of truth God knows; man can know only an "analogical" truth, and this analogical truth is not the same truth that God knows, for the truth that God knows is "qualitatively" different, and God cannot reveal it to man because man is a creature. To repeat: the truth that God knows and the truth that man knows are never the same truth, for they do not "coincide at any single point." God's knowledge therefore would be incomprehensible to man for the specific reason that God could not reveal any particular fact about it without destroying the "Creator-creature relationship." Dr. Clark holds that God can reveal any item of knowledge in propositional form without destroying the Creator-creature relationship, and that such a revealed proposition has the same meaning for God and for man when, as is sometimes the case, man understands it.

Now, what is the meaning of the doctrine of the incomprehensibility of God taught in Scripture and the Confession of Faith? Though the Complaint asserts that its "doctrine of incomprehensibility is the teaching of Scripture" and that it is "taught in many passages and is implicit in the doctrine of the divine transcendence which is everywhere taught or presupposed in Scripture," it cites only a few passages, doubtless chosen because they are thought to present the strongest Scriptural proof of the doctrine. The first of these passages is Psalm 145:3, "His greatness is unsearchable." The second passage cited is Isa. 40:28, "There is no searching of his understanding." And the third is from an uninspired speaker in Job 11:7, 8, "Canst thou by searching find out God? Canst thou find out the Almighty to perfection? It is as high as heaven: what canst thou do? Deeper than Sheol; what canst thou know?" The Hebrew root for search in these three passages is chaqar, which means to search or to examine. The passages all teach that man by his own unaided efforts cannot search out God's greatness or understanding. They do not teach that God cannot reveal any particular proposition about his greatness, for they are in fact themselves propositions about the greatness and understanding of God. How much God will reveal to man is quite another question; but these verses do not imply that there is a phase of God's knowledge that God cannot reveal, if he chooses to do so. And they certainly do not imply that some truth is non-conceptual in nature. Just what sort of truth would non-conceptual truth be?

1 Timothy 6:16, "dwelling in light unapproachable, whom no man hath seen or can see," is quoted as proving that "man the creature may never trespass or even draw near to contemplate God as he is in himself" (P. 4, 3; O. 17). But this is not what the verse says. The verse does not say that man cannot contemplate or think about God; it says that man cannot see him. Theophilus, quoted by Meyer, in loc., understands the verb to see literally, and makes the verse mean that God is an invisible spirit. It is the mystic Dionysius who takes the verb to see in the intellectual sense of to contemplate, and makes the verse mean that God is unthinkable. That this mystical interpretation of negative theology is wrong, and that the verb to see in this particular verse must be understood literally, is substantiated by Job 19:26, 27, "yet in my flesh (or, without my flesh) shall I see God; whom I shall see for myself." Superficially, Job seems to contradict Paul. The Hebrew verb in Job, chazah, often means to contemplate. It must mean contemplation here, for the literal meaning of physical sight would make the verse inconsistent with the Scriptural teaching of the spirituality of God. The literal meaning in Job would make the verse untrue. Hence Job definitely asserts that man will contemplate God. Since 1 Timothy 6:16 cannot contradict the teaching of Job, it must refer to literal sight, not to contemplation, and therefore the exegesis of the Complaint is thus shown to be mistaken. The spirituality and the invisibility of God, not his unthinkability, is also taught in John 1:18 and 6:46, and to this teaching the former of these verses expressly adds the fact of revelation. Therefore these verses should not have been cited to prove that God has knowledge which he cannot reveal to man.

Deuteronomy 29:29, "The secret things belong unto Jehovah God; but the things that are revealed belong unto us and to our children forever," also supports Dr. Clark's view of the knowledge of God. Man cannot of himself discover God's secrets; he can know only what God reveals to him; but when truths are revealed, they are revealed to be understood, for they "belong unto us and to our children forever." Further, no one has a right to set a limit on the power of God to reveal in heaven any item which is now among the secret things. Until it is revealed, man cannot discover it; it is indeed incomprehensible because it is unrevealed.

Two other passages cited likewise agree with Dr. Clark's view: Matt. 11:27 (and Luke 10:22), "Neither doth any know the Father, save the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son willeth to reveal him." Only the Son has that original and underived knowledge of the Father, which can initiate a revelation. Man cannot know God unless the Son "willeth to reveal him." But when the Son reveals God, man can know him truly insofar as he is revealed, and that knowledge is true knowledge, true both for God and for man.

Romans 11:33, cited in the Complaint but not quoted, also teaches the same Scriptural doctrine that Dr. Clark accepts. None of these verses gives a hint of the Complaint's strange teaching that there is a part of God's knowledge which he cannot reveal to man, did he choose to do so, without destroying the distinction between the Creator and the creature. It is pertinent to ask just how the distinction between the Creator and the creature would be destroyed, if God made man understand some given item of knowledge so that God's knowledge and man's knowledge coincided at the point revealed by God to man. Of course God's knowledge of the subject would not be exhausted by what he revealed to man, but insofar as man understood the one revealed truth, his knowledge would coincide with that part of God's knowledge that God has chosen to reveal. The given proposition would be true both for God and for man; but what God does not reveal remains incomprehensible.

The most plausible passage that the complainants cite in support of their position is Isaiah 55:8, 9. If their doctrine is not found here, it is difficult to see where in Scripture it may be found. The passage is: "For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, saith Jehovah. For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts." At first glance this passage may seem favorable to the position of the complainants. It seems to teach that we cannot think God's thoughts -- we cannot even think God's thoughts after him. But since, as has been seen, this idea is not supported by the other passages cited, one should be wary of jumping to the conclusion that it is inescapably taught here. The context of these verses aids in understanding the prophet's meaning. In a wonderful passage commanding the wicked to return unto the Lord, the promise is held out that God will abundantly pardon, "for my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are you ways my ways." The point is that man would say that the wicked should never be pardoned, or could never be pardoned. That is the way a man would think. God, however, thinks differently. He knows something that man does not know. God knows that he will send his Son to bear the penalty of sin, so that justice and mercy may meet. Thus God's ways and thoughts with reference to salvation were as different from man's as heaven is high above the earth. The significance of the verses therefore lies in a comparison between human thoughts about salvation and God's thoughts about it. God had plans about sending a substitutionary Saviour, which were not revealed to man, and those plans were so wonderful that there was no comparison with earthly standards. Of course there are two levels indicated in this passage: on the divine level there is rational knowledge, while on the human level are ignorance and false ideas. There are two levels, to be sure, but not two levels of knowledge. One should therefore hesitate to claim that this passage teaches that the "gulf which separates divine knowledge from human knowledge" is unbridgable by God if he chooses to bridge it, for in the case in question as a matter of fact he did bridge it in sending the Saviour. Now we can see and understand partially, at least, but nevertheless truly, the reason why God could pardon repentant sinners in the Old Testament dispensation. We conclude therefore that even this most plausible passage cited does not really support the complainants' position regarding the incomprehensibility of God.

Brief reference should be made to certain passages which among many others more pointedly support Dr. Clark's contention that God is truly knowable insofar as he reveals himself to man. John 17:3 says, "This is life eternal that should know thee the only true God, and him whom thou didst send, even Jesus Christ." Knowing God is said to be the essence of eternal life. No limits are placed on the amount of knowledge man may have about God. Other verses teach that man can know only what the Son reveals, but the assumption is clear that the Son can reveal to his people whatever he chooses. And it is assumed that such knowledge is true and valid for both God and man. Doubtless it would be only such knowledge as a creature could comprehend, but no limit is set for the comprehension of revealed truth. The manner of God's knowing would of course be different, and would eternally remain incomprehensible to man, but there is no evidence that there are any items of knowledge about God which God could not reveal to us, did he choose to do so.

The second passage is John 7:17: "If any man willeth to do his will, he shall know of the teaching whether it is of God." Here we have described the true way to true knowledge of God-revealed doctrine. Willing to do God's will is the way of knowledge of God's revelation. Certainly knowledge of God-revealed truth is here set as a goal before the man who wills to do God's will. Man may never reach the goal of perfect knowledge of revealed truth, but no barrier of mystery is here "set forth in divine revelation that" is "quite beyond the powers of the finite mind to comprehend." On the contrary it is implied that there are no such barriers in revealed truth for the one who wills to do God's will.

The third passage is: "Whatsoever things were written aforetime were written for our learning" (Rom. 15:4; cf. 1 Cor. 10:11). Insofar as God has revealed truth to man he clearly intends man to strive to understand God's meaning. The Presbytery finds nothing in Scripture implying that God places a different meaning on a proposition from that which he intends man to understand. When Scripture says, "Ye shall know the truth" (John 8:32), certainly the assumption is that it is the same truth for both God and man. When Christ told the disciples "Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you into all truth" (John 16:13), he certainly implied that under the Holy Spirit's guidance man can investigate all revealed truth, and the assumption seems to be that the Holy Spirit could, if he chose, reveal any particular truth to man. That is not to claim that man can sometime in eternity become omniscient by the comprehension of one truth after another as God reveals them to him. Man's knowledge would always be temporal, and could never include either the immediate, intuitive knowledge of God, or the knowledge of all the relationships and implications of any and all propositions. The necessary content of omniscience includes knowledge of what is to man the infinite future, the past in all its content, and all the infinite relationships and implications of all items of knowledge, past, present and future, as well as the infinite self-consciousness of God, both of his own Triune nature and of the manner in which he knows the universe, including the knowledge that God has of what is possible for him to do but which he will never do. Man can never become omniscient by adding one item of knowledge to another throughout eternity.

Several other passages of Scripture set forth Dr. Clark's view of the matter. Psalm 36:9, "In thy light shall we see light," does not say that we shall see merely some analogical reflection of the light. A similar meaning is embedded in Psalm 43:3, "Send out thy light and thy truth, let them lead me." Particularly significant is 1 Cor. 13:12, "Now I know in part, but then shall I know even as I am known," for no limit is placed on the knowledge redeemed men may acquire in heaven. If the redeemed are to know as God knows them, it would seem that God will reveal a much greater amount of knowledge in the future life than we now expect. Furthermore this verse implies that though our present knowledge is partial, it is nevertheless true knowledge and is knowledge of the same meaning that God has.

This is far from the so-called quantitative view of truth which the complainants charge would destroy the gulf separating  divine knowledge and human knowledge, and so break down the distinction between the Creator and the creature. They have failed in their theory to grasp the correct meaning of omniscience, and they also fail to see the significance of the Scriptural injunction to "grow in knowledge" (II Peter 3:18). Where in Scripture is there evidence that a truth or a proposition is qualitatively different for God and man? Where can one find the idea in Scripture that God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not coincide at any single point? 

Even on the complainants' charge, that "Dr. Clark denies that there is any qualitative distinction between the contents of the knowledge of God and the contents of the knowledge possible to man, but rather in so far as there is any distinction between these two the distinction is merely quantitative" (P. 5, 1; O. 19), it does not follow that the distinction between the creature and the Creator is broken down thereby, or that here is "an assault upon the majesty of God" (P. 3, 1; O. 9). When the meaning of omniscience is understood as above, man's increase by revelation in knowledge on the temporal plane would, throughout eternity, still fall infinitely short of omniscience. As a matter of fact, however, as will be seen later, Dr. Clark does not deny the qualitative distinction between God's knowledge and man's. 

In the Confession of Faith there is even less support for the strange doctrine that there are mysterious areas of knowledge which God has, incapable of being revealed by God to man or of being understood by man even if God revealed them. In the Confession, II, 1, and the Larger Catechism, question 7, the word "incomprehensible" occurs as one of the attributes of God. No theory of incomprehensibility is taught, and no explanation is given of the sense in which the term is used, though a hint is perhaps given as to the meaning by the choice of the proof text selected. The text chosen is Psa. 145:3, "His greatness is unsearchable." As already shown, this supports the view of Dr. Clark, that man cannot by his own efforts search out or discover knowledge about the greatness of God. Dr. Clark stands by the doctrine taught in the Confession.

The Presbytery concludes, therefore, that neither in Scripture nor in the Confession is there any evidence that God, if he chooses, cannot reveal any item of knowledge to man; nor would man cease to be a creature by understanding or seeking to understand such a revelation; nor is there any evidence that a proposition is qualitatively different for God and man; nor that God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not coincide at any single point.

Having contrasted the basic contention of the Complainant regarding the knowledge of God and his incomprehensibility with the position taken by Dr. Clark on these points, and having shown that both Scripture and the Confession of Faith support Dr. Clark's position rather than that of the Complainant, it is necessary to proceed to an analysis of the Complaint itself.

The first of the three numbered steps asserts that "the fundamental assumption made by Dr. Clark is that truth, whether in the divine mind or in the human mind, is always propositional." The Presbytery replies to this assertion by pointing out that there is nothing in the transcript to justify it. The transcript is very imperfect and at times unintelligible, but the passages cited in the Complaint have nothing to do with truth as it is in the divine mind. The three passages cited speak only of truth as it is in the human mind, and therefore the Complaint misrepresents Dr. Clark. Dr. Clark has said that all truth can be expressed in propositions, but this does not mean that God thinks in propositions. The complainants in order to be fair should have noted that in the transcript (26, 1-9 and 27, 24-28, 22) Dr. Clark denies what they assert in the Complaint.

The first of these passages reads: "Q. Dr. Clark, you have said that man's knowledge is of a series of propositions, that is, discursively. A. Yes. Q. That God's knowledge is intuitive. A. Yes. Q. Do you mean by that, that God sees everything in all its infinite relation, all at one glance? A. Yes, that is awkward language but I don't know any better, if you don't press me too hard on it." The second passage contains these words: "Q. Do you believe that God's intuitive knowledge is the same as our discursive knowledge? A. Well, I guess not, two times two is four, both for God and for us, that is the expression of God's knowledge and if we don't know the object that God knows, then we are in absolute ignorance. Q. Would you mind repeating your statement or Mr. Andrews' statement, what was it? MR. ANDREWS: As I recall it, it was: 'God's knowledge is intuitive and He sees and knows everything in all of its infinite relations at one glance.' " These two passages of the transcript, though brief, incomplete, and defective, show clearly that Dr. Clark does not hold God's knowledge to be propositional. The complainants in their charge above have ignored the record.

With this first point based on a false statement, the remainder of step one loses all compulsion. For example, the complainants say (P. 5, 2; O. 19), "This view of truth, it will be noted, conceives of truth as fundamentally quantitative . . ." Even in the case of man, who can think only discursively, this conclusion does not follow. From the fact that each proposition may be numbered the complainants have inferred that truth is numerical or quantitative. This is extremely bad logic. The fallacy consists in stressing a fact of minor importance so as to give the impression that no other factor is involved. It is true that men know several propositions, and each proposition is distinct. A mind that knows nine propositions may be said to know more than a mind that knows six. But how insignificant the mere quantity is may be grasped if we consider that one mind may know six integrated propositions, while the other mind has nine pieces of disconnected information. Not only may the information two minds have be distinguished by the degree of logical connection among its parts, but also there is a difference in the relative importance of the judgments. For example, two minds may both know six propositions, but one mind knows six general rules while the other has six particular facts. The number of propositions, the quantity as the Complaint calls it, is the same in both instances, but the former is the better mind. The complainants therefore have no evidence that Dr. Clark holds truth to be fundamentally quantitative.

Hence the complainants have failed to understand Dr. Clark and have seriously distorted and misrepresented his views. They imply (P. 5, 2; O. 20) that Dr. Clark considers that "knowledge is a matter of propositions divorced from the knowing subject, that is, of self-contained, independent statements." This is entirely gratuitous, for there is no evidence whatsoever to support it. Dr. Clark rejects the idea that truth is independent of God. The complainants (P. 6, 2; O. 22) also say "the approach of Dr. Clark is quantitative through and through." They are also wrong (P. 5, 3; O. 21) where they say he resolves "knowledge into detached items." It is therefore by a disregard both of logic and of the evidence that the Complaint can conclude that (P. 5, 2; O. 19) "This view of truth, it will be noted, conceives of truth as fundamentally quantitative." As has been shown, the Complaint is at least inaccurate where (P. 5, 1; O. 19) it says that Dr. Clark holds that the distinction between God's knowledge and man's is "merely quantitative."

The method the complainants have pursued is to center attention on one accident of a proposition and then tacitly to assume that there is nothing more to be said. Because each proposition is numerically distinct, they infer that there is nothing except numerical distinction.

Later in the Complaint they offer a reason for their concern over what may seem arid logical technicalities. They assert (P. 7, 3; O. 28) "This knowing of propositions cannot, in the nature of the case, reflect or inspire any recognition by man of his relation to God, for the simple reason that the propositions have the same content, mean the same, to God and man." If this pronouncement be applied to a concrete case, it means that the truth "Christ died for our sins" cannot reflect or inspire recognition of man's relation to God. Why propositions, such as "Christ died for our sins" cannot reflect the truth of God, the complainants do not explain. They simply make an ex cathedra statement. One may ask, of what use are all the propositions of Scripture, if they do not reflect God and his relation to man? And if propositions cannot inspire any recognition by man of his relation to God, why should anyone preach the gospel? Dr. Clark believes that the preaching of the gospel, not without the regenerating or illuminating power of the Holy Ghost, is for the express purpose of teaching man what to believe concerning God and what duty God requires of man. Since Scripture is in propositional form, the assumption of the Complaint that no statement in the Bible can reflect or inspire any recognition by man of his relation to God is both absurd and unscriptural. The second part of the same sentence purports to give a reason for the first part: propositions cannot inspire recognition of God, "for the simple reason that propositions have the same content, mean the same, to God and man." The complainants therefore deny that propositions have the same meaning for God and man. But this denial nullifies the Bible from cover to cover. The same idea is found in another place. The Complainant infers as an untenable conclusion from Dr. Clark's views that therefore (P. 5, 2; O. 20) "a proposition would have to have the same meaning for man as for God." Here is the basic difference in this matter between Dr. Clark and the Complainant. He holds that propositions have a single meaning, the same for God and man. The Complaint evidently assumes that a given proposition has two entirely different meanings. One of these meanings man can grasp; the other meaning God alone knows and man has no idea at all of what God means. But if this were so, what would become of the doctrine of verbal inspiration? The proposition, Christ died for our sins, has a single, definite, plain meaning. To say that God places some other, undiscoverable meaning upon these words is to empty the Bible of truth and to deny that it really reveals God's mind. This logical deduction from the Complaint is to be repudiated.

Involved in the discussion of these same pages of the Complaint is the role of reason in religious knowledge. "It will be observed that Dr. Clark does not claim to derive this judgment from Scripture; it is rather regarded as an axiom of reason" (P. 5, 2; O. 19). The complainants also say (P. 5, 2; O. 20) "And it may not be overlooked in this connection that Dr. Clark does not claim Scriptural proof for his fundamental assumption as to the character of knowledge." One might guess that the complainants would demand exegetical proof even for the theorems of geometry. Later they say (P. 6, 3; O. 24, 25) "And that he is in error seems to be due to the fact that he does not approach the doctrine by way of an exegesis of Scripture. His approach, on the contrary, while admittedly taking into account certain teachings of Scripture, is to a large extent rationalistic. His argument is built up from certain principles derived from reason. One cannot expect a sound theology to proceed from a faulty method. In short, therefore, we hold that both the formulation of this doctrine and the method by which it is reached are out of harmony with orthodox Presbyterianism."

It has already been shown that Dr. Clark's position agrees with Scripture, but the implication of this charge seems to be that an appeal to principles of reason is out of harmony with orthodox Presbyterianism. Now in the first place, some of this discussion is not so far removed from Scripture as the complainants seem to think. It is true that the assertion "truth may always be expressed in propositions" is not a conclusion based on the exegesis of a certain number of Scriptural passages. The doctrine of the federal headship of Adam may be deduced by exegesis from Romans 5:12 ff.; and the unity of the covenant of grace is supported by Galatians 3. There is no single passage from which by exegesis one can deduce that truth may always be expressed in propositions. But it must be insisted upon that the Bible as a whole is written in propositional form. The propositions of the Bible are not propositions about propositions; that is, the Bible is not a textbook on logic. But the Bible is logical; its teaching is propositional; and in view of the fact that God chose words and propositions for his revelation, in view of the fact that God did not choose some non-propositional form of revelation, one should be cautious of disparaging propositions. There is therefore Scriptural support, even if not exegetical support, for a propositional view of truth.

In the second place, and now directly to the point, an appeal to principles of reason is not out of harmony with orthodox Presbyterianism. We trust it will be granted that William Brenton Greene, late professor of apologetics in Princeton Seminary, was an orthodox Presbyterian. The following quotation from The Function of Reason in Christianity, by W. Brenton Greene, Jr., in The Presbyterian and Reformed Review, Vol. VI, 1895, pages 499ff., illustrates a view that has had wide acceptance.

"For all that logically precedes the Scriptures, as the being of God, the need of a written revelation, etc., we must go back to philosophy, to reason pure and simple. . . . Hence Henry B. Smith has well said: 'If we cannot construct the foundations and the outworks of the Christian System on impregnable grounds; if we cannot show the possibility of miracles, and of a revelation; if we cannot prove -- absolutely prove -- the existence of a wise, intelligent, personal, and providential Ruler of all things: then we are merged in infidelity, or given over to an unfounded faith. If we cannot settle these points on the field of open discussion, we cannot settle them at all.' . . . Reason should distinguish among the interpretations of the Scriptures between what is above reason in the true sense of beyond it, and what is above reason in the wrong sense of out of relation to it, or contrary to it. That is, as a revelation must evince rationally its right to be believed; so, as has been seen, it itself can contain nothing irrational or impossible. In deciding what is thus, however, the reason must act rationally and not capriciously. Its judgments must be guided by principles which commend themselves to the common consciousness of men, such as, that that is impossible which involves a contradiction; that it is impossible that God should do or command what is morally wrong; that it is impossible that revelation should deny any well authenticated truth, whether of intuition, experience, or science; that it is impossible for what reason cannot try to comprehend to be true. All this must be so; for God, who is the Supreme Reason, cannot but be rational and hence self-consistent."

The italicized phrase is a little awkward in expression, but its implications for the doctrine of incomprehensibility are tremendous.

This quotation from W. Brenton Greene, Jr., particularly his approval of the two sentences from Henry B. Smith, may seem rationalistic to those who have not been raised in the Presbyterian tradition. The Presbytery does not insist that Greene's position must be accepted. The point is that here is a man whom all ought to recognize as orthodox; he was not only a Presbyterian minister, he was the professor of apologetics in what was at that time the citadel of Presbyterian orthodoxy. And this professor of apologetics gives a wider scope to reason than does Dr. Clark. If, as the Complaint argues, "One cannot expect a sound theology to proceed from a faulty method," if, that is, a faulty method vitiates a man's doctrine of the atonement and all other doctrines, then according to the argument of the Complaint Greene's theological views must have been thoroughly heretical because his method is even more "rationalistic" than that alleged of Dr. Clark. If The Orthodox Presbyterian Church is ready to change its tests of orthodoxy, if it is ready to require subscription to a particular apologetic, let this change come by an open attempt to amend the Confession of Faith and not by the indirect method of a Complaint against a particular action of one Presbytery.

A. A. Hodge, also, in his Outlines of Theology appeals to reason. On page 19, 8, 2d, he refers to "the light of nature." Just below he speaks of "the demonstration of the a-priori possibility of a supernatural revelation." On page 37 he answers Hume by an appeal to "a universal and necessary judgment of reason." On page 45 he says, "It is certain that the intuitions of necessary truth are the same in all men. They are not generalizations from experience, but are presupposed in all experience." See in particular his defense of natural theology on page 53, 1, 1st, page 54, 2, 2d; also page 61, 10. On page 62, 14, 1st, he also says, "Reason is the primary revelation God has made to man, necessarily presupposed in every subsequent revelation of whatever kind . . . Hence no subsequent revelation can contradict reason acting legitimately within its own sphere . . . To believe is to assent to a thing as true, but to see that it contradicts reason, is to see that it is not (italics his) true." Again on page 63, 15, 1st, "The first principles of a true philosophy are presupposed in all theology, natural and revealed. 2d, The Holy Scriptures, although not designed primarily to teach philosophy, yet necessarily presuppose and involve the fundamental principles of a true philosophy."

If the complainants object to Dr. Clark's method as unsound, they must also repudiate the methods of old Princeton as "out of harmony with orthodox Presbyterianism." The Presbytery does not assert that the Confession requires adherence to everything in the Princeton apologetic. Other forms of apologetics may also be permitted. But without specifically amending our standards any attempt to exalt one method as alone orthodox and to repudiate all appeal to the a-priori truths of reason is intolerable.

Here some analysis is required of the charges of "humanistic intellectualism" later made against Dr. Clark at two points (P. 7, 3; O. 29; and P. 10, 2; O. 40) and of rationalism in the theological sense (P. 10, 2; O. 40; and P. 10, 3; O. 41; P. 6, 3; O. 25). The Complaint does not charge Dr. Clark with the Sophistic man-measure theory or its modern equivalent, pragmatism. It is therefore admitted on all hands that Dr. Clark does not make the human mind the standard of truth. Intellectualism, as opposed to pragmatism, holds that truth is immutable and independent of man. Dr. Clark holds the usual form of intellectualism, that truth is indeed independent of man, though not independent of God; and this position coupled with Dr. Clark's acceptance of the Scriptures as the only rule of faith and practice disposes of the added charge of rationalism.

While the tenor of the Complaint is anti-intellectualistic, it is hard to find in a doctrinally conscious Christianity any reason for opposing intellectualism. The Complaint, however, goes further and charges Dr. Clark with "humanistic" intellectualism. In using the notion of humanism, the Complaint obviously does not refer to the Renaissance phenomenon of the study of the classics or to the modern study of the humanities. Humanism in modern philosophical terminology is but a polite term for atheism. Although humanism is predominately pragmatic and anti-intellectualistic, a theory of humanistic intellectualism would hold that immutable truth depends neither upon God nor man, but finally and ultimately upon the spatial, corporeal universe or some other alleged ground. It is questionable whether the Complaint really means what it seems to say in charging Dr. Clark with "humanistic intellectualism," for this would be to accuse him of atheism. Such a charge would be nothing less than calumny and slander.

Since step two of the argument of this part of the Complaint depends on or repeats step one, not much more in the way of a reply is needed. It ought to be pointed out, however, that step two begins with a false statement. The Complainant says, "Dr. Clark holds that man's knowledge of a proposition, if it is really knowledge, is identical with God's knowledge of the same proposition." The complainants refer to seven passages in the transcript to support their contention. Not one of the seven references says anything remotely resembling the sentence above, and two of the seven directly contradict it. Page 18, line 23 of the transcript is one of these references. The passage, obviously incorrectly reported in detail, reads, "I know of two points, often this subject. That is -- the method of knowledge -- knowing, is, in the case of God not acquisitional, but in our case it is. That is one point of it, and the only other point that has reference to the subject is: The object known, such as two times two equals four. I hold that that is the same as it is for God, but the method of knowing it is entirely different." On the same page of the transcript (18, 5) Dr. Clark had said, "Briefly I should say God's knowledge is intuitive and ours indispersive?" (sic). The other of the two references expressing essentially the same thought is 28, 14-22. In other words, Dr. Clark in the transcript says God's knowledge of a given object is not the same as man's knowledge of the same object. And the complainants after reading these passages say that "Dr. Clark holds that man's knowledge of a proposition . . . is identical with God's knowledge of the same proposition." The Complaint therefore has attempted to put into Dr. Clark's mouth the very position he explicitly denied.

In studying this subject one should be careful to avoid certain apparently common confusions. Strict accuracy is required. The word knowledge has two meanings; both are good English; but the one should never be taken for the other. When one says, This man has great knowledge, the word refers to the objects, i.e., the truths or propositions he knows. On the other hand when one says, Man has discursive knowledge, the word refers, not to the objects known, but to the manner of knowing. The simple phrase God's knowledge may bear either meaning, but what is true of one meaning is not necessarily truth of the other meaning. In the phrase God's knowledge of a proposition the word knowledge refers to the intuitional character of his knowing. It cannot refer to the content known, for if it did, the phrase could be exactly reproduced as God's object of an object, or God's truth of a truth, or God's proposition of a proposition. The complainants in attacking Dr. Clark's position are not concerned with knowledge in the sense of the manner of knowing. They distinguish and they admit Dr. Clark distinguishes between intuition and discursion, but they claim that the manner of God's knowing is no part of the doctrine of incomprehensibility. Hence the theory of the Complaint is that the objects or truths known by God are different from those known by man. Another possible confusion arises from the ambiguity of the word meaning. Sometimes meaning means implication; as for example when one says, The clouds in the sky tonight mean rain tomorrow. Thus it is possible to say that God sees more meaning in a particular proposition than man does because he sees its far reaching implications. This, however, is not the meaning of meaning in this discussion. The Complaint (P. 6, 1-2; O. 23) definitely sets aside this meaning as irrelevant. Therefore those who study the Complaint and this reply must restrict themselves to another and more basic meaning of meaning. This more basic meaning is simply the particular truth itself. The proposition, Two times two are four, apart from anything it implies, means just what it says. It is difficult, in fact it is impossible to express the meaning of this proposition in any terms simpler than the words, Two times two are four. It is in this sense that the Complaint asserts that such a proposition has two different meanings. Though these distinctions are clear and elementary, experience shows that they are often confused.

What Dr. Clark said was that though God's knowledge of a truth is different from man's knowledge of the same truth, it is none the less the same truth that they both know; if indeed man knows anything. The Complaint avers that it is a prerequisite of ministerial good standing to believe that God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not "coincide at any single point" (P. 5, 3; O. 21). It tries to set up as a test of orthodoxy the denial that man knows even one truth God knows. If therefore God knows that two times two are four, and that Christ died for our sins, man cannot know these propositions. Man and God, according to the Complaint, cannot know the same truth, because God's knowledge and man's knowledge do not "coincide at any single point." And this view the complainants are attempting to make a test of orthodoxy. In reply the Presbytery wishes to suggest that if man does not know at least one truth that God knows, if man's knowledge and God's knowledge do not coincide in at least one detail, then man knows nothing at all. God knows all truth, and if man's mind cannot grasp even one truth, then man's mind grasps no truth. Far from being a test of orthodoxy, this test imposed by the Complaint is nothing else than skepticism and irrationalism.

The Church has a right to know what sort of strange doctrine the Complaint is making a test of orthodoxy. Does it mean that God in knowing that two times two are four also sees intuitively the logical connection with some theorem of higher mathematics not yet discovered by man? Does the Complaint mean that as God thinks "Christ died for our sins," he also understands far-reaching consequences man has not dreamed of? No, this is not the point the Complaint is making. As the transcript shows Dr. Clark holds that God knows all these implications. But this view of Dr. Clark is what the Complaint rejects as a "quantitative" view of truth. The Complaint is not arguing that God knows more propositions. Its point is that the first proposition itself, viz., two times two are four, in its narrowest and minimal significance, is qualitatively different for God. What is this qualitative difference? This is a question the Complaint has not answered. The ordinarily recognized qualities of simple propositions are: affirmative, negative, universal, particular, true, and false. Do the complainants hold that a proposition which is affirmative for man is negative for God? Or is a proposition that is true for God false for man? What the qualitative difference is that they have in mind, they have not divulged. But if they cannot state clearly what this qualitative difference is, how can such an unknown quality be made a test of orthodoxy?

At any rate the Complaint definitely states that man's knowledge and God's knowledge "do not coincide at any single point". This assertion does not refer to the modes of knowing truth, as will be made quite evident in step three. It refers strictly to the truth itself. The Complaint teaches that any given proposition does not mean the same thing for God as it means for man. "Two times two are four" is a given proposition; therefore it means one thing for man; and something qualitatively different for God. The truth "Christ died for our sins," does not have the same meaning for man and for God. May it mean for God that Christ did not die for our sins? The complainants of course would deny that it could quite mean that. But does their philosophy give them reasons for making such a denial?

The Complaint teaches that the truth man may have is an analogy of the truth that God has; i.e., man may have a resemblance of the truth God has; but he cannot have God's truth itself. He has only an analogy of it. The complainants would doubtless say that we must accept this dogma because God reveals it in the Bible. But where in the Bible is such a revelation found? It is not a valid deduction from the Creator-creature relationship. A valid deduction from this relationship would be that man can think only God's thoughts after him and cannot originate thoughts not already in God's mind. And such thoughts would have to have the same meaning for both God and man; they would not be mere analogies of God's meaning. The manner of God's thinking is different from the thinking processes of man, but the result of man's thinking, if his thinking is true, is that he understands at least one truth that God thinks. Furthermore, the assumption that man knows his truth to be analogical of God's truth because God reveals it to be analogical, results in startling consequences. How could one know that this assumption itself is the truth as it is for God? On the complainants' theory the proposition "the truth man has is analogical" is itself only an analogy. It is not the truth that God has. Nor could man know that it was God who was revealing such a proposition, for again the proposition "God is revealing that truth is analogical" is only an analogy of the truth. One can only be sure that such a proposition is not God's truth. On the complainants' theory there is no way of ever crossing over from an analogy of truth to the truth itself. All our thinking is shut up in analogies and resemblances and cannot coincide with God's truth at even a single point. This position really cuts all connection between God's knowledge and man's knowledge and plunges us into unmitigated skepticism.

If the complainants cannot know what God means, how can they know God does not mean this or that? They affirm that there is a resemblance or analogy between the truth God knows and the qualitative different truth man knows. But by what right do they assert a resemblance when they cannot describe the qualitative difference? Or, how can they assert that two things resemble each other when they have never known and can never know one of them? One can say that two men resemble each other if one has seen both men. But one cannot legitimately affirm a resemblance between a man one has seen and a man one has not seen. Similarly, if a man knew God's meaning, he could compare it with his own and remark the similarity or difference. If I know your opinion, I can say it is similar to or dissimilar from mine. But if I do not know your opinion, I have no way of knowing whether your opinion is the same or contradictory of mine. Similarly if man's knowledge and God's knowledge do not "coincide at any single point," then for all we know, perhaps Christ did not die for our sins. And the complainants wish to make their views a test for orthodoxy! Where in the Westminster Confession of Faith is there any such philosophy?

[During the preparation of this reply, a phrase was noted in The Presbyterian Guardian to the effect that those who signed the Complaint do not altogether agree with what it says. On page 351, column 3, of The Presbyterian Guardian of December 10, 1944, this sentence appears: "The complainants, to be sure, have made plain that, on their view, the knowledge which man may come to enjoy of a proposition cannot be at variance with the meaning of a proposition for God, since it must be analogical." If, however, the complainants have made this plain, they have not made it plain in the Complaint. It is in fact doubtful that they have made it plain anywhere. They have not made it plain in the editorial from which the sentence is quoted. Aside from the absence of any definition of the word "analogical," the phrase "at variance with" is unsatisfactory. The proposition "Joseph was sold into Egypt" is not at variance with the proposition "David was a great king." Are we therefore to suppose that one of these is analogical of the other and that God may place the meaning of the first of these propositions upon the second? If one is interested in a philosophic theory of knowledge, the phrase "at variance with" does not solve any epistemological problem. Undefined words and sweeping phrases do not help one to think clearly. A moment's reflection will suffice to show that no true proposition is "at variance with" any other true proposition. Note the usage of this phrase in the Complaint (P. 5, 1; O. 18), quoted above in the third paragraph of this section On Incomprehensibility. Therefore to say that the meaning God places on a proposition is not "at variance with" the meaning man finds in it, is to say very little indeed. The serious matter, however, is not what the complainants say they now believe. The serious matter is what they wrote and signed in the Complaint. If The Orthodox Presbyterian Church in an unfortunate moment approves the Complaint, it will be the wording of the Complaint that will define the position of the Church. The Presbytery cannot take into account the changing views of the complainants as individuals. It is called on to answer the Complaint. And the action of the Church in any formal vote will be an action on the Complaint as written and signed.]

In step three of the argument the complainants make certain admissions. They admit (P. 6, 2; O. 23) that Dr. Clark distinguishes between God's knowing a truth and man's knowing a truth. But then the complainants fail to give due weight to these, their own, admissions. Though they admit that Dr. Clark asserted this distinction, they have argued as if he had not. They attempt to justify their ignoring of the evidence. The complainants admit that Dr. Clark makes a qualitative distinction between God's knowledge and man's knowledge because he recognizes the fundamental difference between the mode of God's knowing and that of man. Then the complainants make the astounding statement, "however, this admission does not affect the point at issue here since the doctrine of the mode of the divine knowledge is not a part of the doctrine of the incomprehensibility of his knowledge. The latter is concerned only with the contents of the divine knowledge" (P. 6, 2; O. 23). The complainants actually assert that the mode of God's knowledge is not a part of the doctrine of incomprehensibility. One or two quotations from great Reformed theologians will suffice to disprove this assertion. A great theologian of the Northern Presbyterian Church, Robert J. Breckenridge, in his The Knowledge of God Objectively Considered, (1858), page 275, says "the mode in which the divine Intelligence conceives all things, distinctly, at the same time, and by one act, is wholly beyond our comprehension; that intelligence is therefore incomprehensible" (cf. pp. 285-287). Dr. Breckenridge says that the mode of God's knowing is indeed a part of God's incomprehensibility. Charnock also shows that the complainants have misunderstood the doctrine of God's incomprehensibility. In Discourse VIII, On God's Knowledge, he first speaks of the infinite number of truths God understands. On page 408 he says, "Who, then, can fathom that whereof there is no number?" This is the quantitative of mathematical concept of an infinite number of propositions which displeases the complainants. After enumerating through many pages the numberless objects of God's knowledge, Charnock finally (page 451) comes to the mode of God's knowing. There he says, "As God therefore is in being and perfection, infinitely more above a man than a man is above a beast, the manner of his knowledge must be infinitely more above a man's knowledge, than the knowledge of a man is above that of a beast; our understanding can clasp an object in a moment that is at a great distance from our sense; our eye, by one elevated motion, can view the heavens; the manner of God's understanding must be inconceivably above our glimmerings; as the manner of his being is infinitely more perfect than all beings, so must the manner of his understanding be infinitely more perfect than all created understandings. Indeed, the manner of God's knowledge can no more be known by us than his essence can be known by us; and the same incapacity in man, which renders him unable to comprehend the being of God, renders him as unable to comprehend the manner of God's understanding." And then follows a discussion of the manner of God's knowing in which the usual distinction between intuition and discursion is made, as Dr. Clark made it in his examination. In the face of this the Complaint asserts that the mode of God's knowing is not a part of the doctrine of incomprehensibility, and on the basis of this ex cathedra pronouncement tries to justify its ignoring and distorting of the evidence.

The numerous quotations made by the complainants at the beginning of their argument will now be seen to have little to do with the charges against Dr. Clark. In general, the quotations say that man's knowledge is finite, limited, and partial; it differs from God's knowledge not merely in degree but also in kind. "To comprehend," say Charles Hodge, "is to have a complete and exhaustive knowledge of an object." But the quotations provide no basis for asserting that God cannot express himself in words; that words cannot inspire any recognition by man of his relation to God; that the statements in the Bible mean one thing for man and something qualitatively different for God; or that the mode of God's knowing is not a part of the doctrine of God's incomprehensibility.

The Presbytery must emphasize that on these matters concerning the philosophic implications of God's knowledge and man's knowledge very little has been written by Reformed theologians. It is a field of doctrine that is almost unexplored. In fact it is remarkable how little appears in print on the subject beyond the first generalities. In view of this situation it is highly improper for the Complaint to dogmatize. It may be that this discussion will further the search for the truth, but it most certainly calls for caution and humility rather than for a Complaint.

In conclusion the Presbytery believes that this section of the Complaint utterly fails to prove that Dr. Clark is out of accord with the system of doctrine taught in the Westminster Confession of Faith; the items which the complainants insist upon are far removed from the system of doctrine of the Confession; they are not strictly theological doctrines at all, but tenuous implications from these doctrines; and the implications may well be fallacious. Therefore this section of the Complaint fails to show that the Presbytery of Philadelphia was in error in licensing and ordaining Dr. Clark.


On Intellect, Will, and Emotions 

The second theological section of the Complaint treats of two subjects: first, the problem of emotions in God; and, second, the problem of the relation between man's intellectual activity and his emotional and volitional activities. The first of these problems is discussed on pages 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, and 36 of the Complaint. The Answer will consider this problem before commencing discussion of the remainder of pages 25-41, in which the complainants state their views of the second problem.

The dispute takes its rise from the statement in the Confession that "God is without body, parts, or passions." The continental creeds generally do not contain this phrase. It is found in the Irish Articles of 1615, and seems to have been adopted by the Westminster Assembly from the Thirty Nine Articles of 1563. The first of these Articles says, "Deus aeternus, incorporeus, impartibilis, impassibilis," i.e., "God, everlasting, without body, parts, or passions." As the Latin text was definitive, and as the meaning of impassibilis in the previous history of philosophy and theology is fairly clear, the basic theological problem is whether or not an emotional God is impassibilis.

The concept of passion or passibility as a technical term, here denied of God, was originated by Aristotle. His basic definition in Metaphysics D 21 is, " 'Affection' means (1) a quality in respect of which a thing can be altered . . . (2) the already actualized alterations; (3) especially, injurious alterations and movements, and, above all, painful injuries; (4) experiences pleasant or painful, when on a large scale, are called 'affections.' " In De Anima III, 3, 429 a 7, he uses the same word for emotions. Cf. Notes, R. D. Hicks, in Aristotle, De Anima, 403 a 16. St. Augustine lists (Confessions X, 22) lust, happiness, fear, and sadness as the four perturbations or passions of the soul. Descartes wrote a Treatise on the Passions of the Soul. He lists six basic passions: admiration, love, hate, desire, joy and sadness; and connects them closely with bodily disturbances. Very obviously emotions are included in the sphere of passions. In the history of theology, philosophy, and language, therefore, it is not unusual, rather it is usual, to find emotions classed as one species of the genus passion. Passion is the wider term and emotion is included under it. Therefore, the complainants ought not to object to this linguistic usage. They may themselves wish to define the terms so as to exclude emotion from passion. Let them do so: They have no right to object to the more usual usage. Emotion, therefore, as Dr. Clark defines it, is included in the concept of passion which the Confession denies to God.

The Complaint (P. 8, 1; O. 29) suggests that Dr. Clark's definition of emotion is an a-priori oddity. If this were true, which it is not, still there would be no ground for complaint. The confusion in the argument of the Complaint becomes obvious by an analysis of the definition of emotion which the complainants wish to substitute for Dr. Clark's definition. The complainants want to define emotion as (P. 8, 1; O. 30), "something which arouses the will and thus determines action." From this definition there follows one of two consequences. First, if the term retains any of its colloquial connotations, then anger and hate may determine actions, for colloquially they are emotions; but the cool, unemotional calculation of a business venture could never arose the will, for such an activity is intellectual. Or, second, if the complainants admit that considerations of truth sometimes influence conduct, then they are guilty of the a-priori oddity of calling intellectual activity an emotion. The desire to substitute another definition of emotion for Dr. Clark's definition is not a proper ground for complaint.

The final reference to this subject is (P. 9, 2-3; O. 36), "A recollection of Dr.Clark's forthright denial of anything that might be called 'emotion' in God, cited above, will thus impress us that he not only does violence to the Scriptural and Reformed doctrine . . ." Dr. Clark never made any "forthright denial of anything that might be called 'emotion' in God." Love or wrath "might be called an emotion." Dr. Clark did not deny love and wrath to God. He holds that while some people might call God's love and wrath emotions, it is better to classify them as volitions. In this Dr. Clark is in accord with a large section of the history of theology, and even of literary usage. As an example of literature (not of Reformed theology), it is possible to cite Pascal on page 24 of Everyman's translation: "It is natural for the mind to believe, and for the will to love." As an example of Calvinistic thought these phrases of Augustus Toplady are appropriate (Complete Works, 1869, pp. 106, 107, and 687): God "is not, for instance, irascible and appeasable; liable to the emotions of joy and sorrow; or in any respect passive." "When love is predicated of God, we do not mean that he is possessed of it as a passion or affection. . . . Love, therefore, when attributed to him signifies . . . his everlasting will, purpose, and determination to deliver, bless and saved his people."

R. L. Dabney, Syllabus and Notes, 1927, page 153, supports Dr. Clark's views in a particularly clear manner: "Our Confession says, that God hath neither parts nor passions. That He has something analogous to what are called in man active principles, is manifest, for He wills and acts; therefore He must feel. But these active principles must not be conceived of as emotions, in the sense of ebbing and flowing accesses of feeling. In other words, they lack that agitation and rush, that change from cold to hot, and hot to cold, which constitute the characteristics of passion in us. They are, in God, an ineffable, fixed, peaceful, unchangeable calm, although the springs of volition. That such principles may be, although incomprehensible to us, we may learn from this fact: That in the wisest and most sanctified creatures, the active principles have least of passion and agitation, and yet they are by no means become inefficacious as springs of action -- e.g., moral indignation in the holy and wise parent or ruler. That the above conception of the calm immutability of God's active principles is necessary, appears from the following: The agitations of literal passions are incompatible with His blessedness. The objects of those feelings are as fully present to the Divine Mind at one time as another; so that there is nothing to cause ebb or flow. And that ebb would constitute a change in Him. When, therefore, the Scriptures speak of God as becoming wroth, as repenting, as indulging His fury against His adversaries, in connection with some particular event occurring in time, we must understand them anthropopathically. What is meant is, that the outward manifestations of His active principles were as though these feelings then arose."

The evidence in the Complaint is that the complainants know and admit that Dr. Clark is in agreement with the Confession. On page 51 the complainants admit: "In this connection reference must again be made to Dr. Clark's view that God has no emotions. If his definition of emotion be granted, God certainly has none." In other words, the complainants know and admit that when Dr. Clark says that God has no emotions, his thought is correct. And yet knowing this, they spend some six pages trying to represent him as seriously out of accord with the Confession.

The second problem of this section is one of human psychology, and its discussion will again underline the fact that the Complaint is not a matter of the doctrines of the Westminster Confession but of technical and abstruse subtleties more suitable for philosophers than for preachers. The charge made against Dr. Clark is that he arranges the several types of the soul's activities in a hierarchical scheme with the intellectual acts as the highest. This position, the complainants assert, is "humanistic intellectualism" (P. 7, 3; O. 29). That the position is a form of intellectualism is not denied; that it is humanistic is a charge so completely at variance with the evidence that it could only have been made in a moment of rashness. The complainants virtually give their case away, for they quote (P.8, 3; O. 32) Calvin, Institutes I, xv, 6-8, as saying "the intellect rules the will"; and then they try to argue that he did not mean it. A summary of these sections of Calvin may prove instructive.

Calvin begins these sections on human psychology by singling out Plato as the heathen philosopher who more clearly than the others saw that the soul is immortal. He makes a brief mention of the soul's relation to the body, and emphasizes that the soul with its innate knowledge, including the seeds of religion, find its chief purpose in worshipping God. He then analyzes the soul. He then analyzes the soul. He repudiates the theory that man has two souls, a sensitive one and a rational one. But the whole discussion he prefers to leave to philosophers as being rather remote from theology. Yet he does not prohibit the study of such philosophy and in fact finds it useful and entertaining. He then sketches the usual Aristotelian hierarchy of the soul's functions: the special senses, the common sense, the imagination, the reason, and lastly, the understanding. This scheme of itself is sufficient to show that Calvin placed intellectual activity at the apex of the soul's functions. It becomes still more clear as we proceed. The will, he continues, chooses what the reason and the understanding propose to it; the irascible faculty embraces what reason and imagination offer; and the concupiscible faculty apprehends objects presented by imagination and sensation. All this is strictly a form of intellectualism. Calvin admits that such discussions are obscure, and if someone prefers a different distribution of the powers of the soul, he will not object, for the discussion hardly touches any article of faith. He even suggests a simpler division that would suit him: "the human soul has two faculties which relate to our present design, the understanding and the will. Now, let it be the office of the understanding to discriminate between objects as they shall respectively appear deserving of approbation or disapprobation; but of the will to choose and follow what the understanding shall have pronounced good." The understanding, he continues, is "the guide and governor of the soul; the will always respects its authority and waits for its judgment." Beyond these "no power can be found in the soul which may not properly be referred either to one or the other of these two members," i.e., the will or the understanding. (Emotion is not mentioned.) And to emphasize the primacy of the intellect still more, Calvin applies to it the Stoic term to hegimonikon, the principal or governing part. So far Calvin.

Thus it is obvious that Calvin is far from holding the theory of the complainants. Their theory is not well worked out in the Complaint, but clearly they reject the notion that the intellect has any superiority over the emotions. The Complaint (P. 8, 3; O. 32) says, "both Calvin (!) and Bavinck insist on the total activity of the human being in religion, with no subordination of one faculty to another." It also speaks (P. 9, 1; O. 34), "of the equal function of man's various faculties." And it also says (P. 9, 2; O. 35), "Again, there are three equally important and lofty functions." Obviously therefore the complainants hold that emotion and intellection are exactly on the same level; there is no superiority or subordination at all. But if this theory were true, if emotion and intellection are equally lofty, then it would be a matter of indifference whether one followed one's anger or his sober judgment of truth. If emotion is not subordinated to the intellect, then emotion could reject one's own best thought -- through despair or fear -- with as much right as the intellect could judge such despair or fear unfounded. In fact, if emotion were the equal of the understanding, there would be no need of the understanding to direct conduct or to judge between right and wrong: emotion could govern us just as well. And this theory of the complainants is what they wish to make a test of orthodoxy! They ask Presbytery to declare various decisions and acts null and void because the man involved agrees with Calvin rather than with some more modern tendencies.

To show that Calvin and Dr. Clark are not alone in holding their position, a few quotations without discussion are here added. Note that the intellect is placed first, the will second, and note that the emotions receive a rather minor emphasis.

Charnock, Discourse IV, On Spiritual Worship, page 210: "With the same powers of our soul whereby we contemplate God, we must also worship God; we cannot think of him but with our minds, nor love him but with our will; and we cannot worship him without the acts of thinking and loving." Ibid., page 211: "This excellent Being was to be honored with the motions of the understanding and will, with the purest and most spiritual powers in the nature of man." "Prayer (i.e., vain prayer), is muttered over in private, slightly, as a parrot learns lessons by rote, not understanding what it speaks, or to what end it speaks it; not glorifying God in thought and spirit, with understanding and will." Ibid., page 212: "A sincere act of the mind and will . . . was required by God." Ibid., page 248: "He bestows upon man a spiritual nature, that he may return to him a spiritual service; he enlightens the understanding, that he may have a rational service; and new moulds the will that he may have a voluntary service." Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology, Vol. II, page 99, says: "His (man's) reason was subject to God; his will was subject to his reason; his affections and appetites to his will." See also the quotation from Breckenridge, below. These considerations show that Dr. Clark's view of the intellect, will, and emotions follows a distinguished line of Reformed theology.

The argument so far is quite sufficient to dispose of this section of the Complaint, but certain minor insinuations and misrepresentations ought to be noted in passing to prevent the Church from attributing to Dr. Clark the implications that the complainants attempt to force on him.

First, there is a certain method of argumentation that is pervasively prejudicial. The Complaint continually quotes standard theologians and makes statements of sound theology in a manner calculated to give the impression that Dr. Clark does not accept these standard positions. It would be laborious to examine each case separately. But since the Complaint misrepresents Dr. Clark when it cites evidence (and the evidence often contradicts what is asserted), the reader should be wary of accepting as true insinuations without evidence. Second, the Complaint says (P. 7, 2; O. 27), "The activity of the will which Dr. Clark subordinates to intellection seems to be little more than 'a voluntary act of paying attention,' which results in an intellectual apprehension (29:3-4)." However, the transcript contradicts this assertion. The transcript (29:3-4) reads, "The intellectual apprehension is the result of a voluntary act of paying attention. You can't know anything unless by an act of will, and yet, the knowing itself is an act of intellectual apprehension because of its volitional aspects." The last five words of this quotation from the transcript do not make sense, yet the preceding part of the sentence is clear. It says that with every intellectual act there must be a voluntary act of paying attention. From this familiar Augustinian position the complainants deduce the absurd conclusion that the only action of the will is a voluntary paying of attention. One might as well argue that since some Greeks are Athenians, all Greeks are Athenians. The complainants argue that since intellectual apprehension requires voluntary attention, there is no other form of volitional activity. Aside from historical background and aside from questions of logic the transcript itself furnishes sufficient evidence to show the falsity of the assertion now under discussion. In the transcript (17, 3), Dr. Clark refers to the fourth commandment as an object for voluntary obedience; and on page 32, 4 he mentions the eighth commandment as requiring an act of obedience. Obviously obedience to these is not merely voluntary attention to their words so as to understand them. Such attention is necessary but it is not the only form of volitional action.

A third of these minor points -- minor for the purpose of refuting the Complaint -- is the attempt to understand Dr. Clark as predicating of God the same hierarchical relationship as the discussion has attributed to man. Now, aside from denying emotional upsets to God, and this is good Reformed theology, Dr. Clark said nothing about the relation of intellect and will in God. But the general argument (P. 8, 1-2; O. 30, 31), proceeds on the assumption that Dr. Clark asserts a primacy of the intellect in God as well as in man. Because of this underlying assumption they assert (P. 8, 2; O. 31), "Reformed theology seems to be barren of any references to a primacy of the intellect in God. In fact, every indication is that whatever distinguishable faculties exist in God are equally fundamental, equally prominent, equally significant, and of equal functional level." Since Dr. Clark made no remarks on the subject, the argument is beside the point. But since the complainants have introduced such extraneous matter, it is wise to include in this reply the quotation from Breckenridge referred to above.

Robert J. Breckenridge, The Knowledge of God Objectively Considered, 1858, page 289, writes: "Intellect and Will appertain exclusively to that which is spiritual; and Power is inseparable from our primary conception of Will,  directed by Intelligence. When we add to the infinite spirit thus endowed, Wisdom and Knowledge as infinite as they, and all as infinite as the essence of which all of them are Attributes; we may be said to have as complete a conception as we can entertain of the sublime outline of God's rational nature, considered separately as far as we are able to do so. Whatever may be the nature of that ineffaceable distinction, which we express by The True and The False; it is inconceivable that such a Being should not eternally perceive it and eternally respect it. If his own nature is the foundation of the distinction, then the distinction is commensurate with his Being; that is, it is an infinite and eternal distinction. It is in the light of that distinction that our rational faculties take cognizance of whatever is submitted to them; it is on its reality that all increase in knowledge and all growth in wisdom on our part depend. Without it, it is not easy, if it be possible, to affix any idea to what we call Intelligence; and if it be obliterated, we obliterate at the same time the distinction between Good and Evil, since the Good is always the True, and the Evil is always the False. It is thus the rational nature of God underlies the moral nature of God; and while both aspects of his Being afford the most distinct means of surveying and comprehending it, the rational goes before the moral." Ibid., page 426: "Passing to the moral nature of God, and to such infinite Perfections as Love, attended by Goodness and Mercy, and ordained in Justice and Long-suffering, we readily see the connection of all such affections with the divine Will: and as we contemplate in man's moral nature the image of this moral nature of God, we perceive the same connections of these moral qualities with each other, and with his Will."

As a matter of fact Dr. Clark does not hold to a primacy of the intellect in God, but the above quotation shows that contrary to the assertion of the Complaint, this view has appeared in Reformed theology.

A fourth of these minor points is the accusation that Dr. Clark "studiously avoided answering" a certain question (P. 8, 1; O. 30); the reference being to page 16 of the transcript. Dr. Clark did not studiously avoid answering any question. The question as reported in the transcript is as follows: "Q. When the Confession of Faith says: 'God is without body, parts, or passions,' does it mean God is lacking in feeling or emotion? A. It does. Q. I'll define feelings and emotions: I mean -- affection is the sense of principle activity with reference to objections. Now I'll repeat the question, if you wish. A. Go ahead. Q. The Confession says: 'God is without body, parts, or passions.' Does it mean God is lacking in feeling or emotion? A. Go ahead. Q. And by feeling or emotion I mean -- in the sense of principal activity with reference to objects. A. I forget which way to answer that -- yes or no. Q. The Confession of Faith says: 'God is without body, or parts.' A. The answer is yes, but I protest against the awful English of your statement, the word: 'emotion' -- never mind that English. Q. You mean that God has never acted upon anything aside from himself? A. I don't understand you. Q. What I would like to know is this: We can call these feelings or emotions in God, and I would define them as analogous to our feelings and emotions and affections in the sense that that they are active principles, active with reference to objects. For example: God is angry with the wicked; God loves his people eternally; would you deny that? A. That is right, right; What you say is right. Q. That is what the Confession means? A. No, what -- not what it means right there -- not what the Confession means."

Obviously Dr. Clark was merely telling the truth when he said, "I don't understand you." The question is virtually unintelligible. There is no evidence of intent to avoid an answer. The transcript shows that Dr. Clark holds that God is angry with the wicked, that God eternally loves his people; but this is not what the Confession is talking about when it says God is without body, parts, or passions.

Fifth and last: the Complaint asserts (P. 10, 2; O. 40), "Dr. Clark does not deny the necessity or fact of regeneration but he makes no absolute qualitative distinction between the knowledge of the unregenerate man and the knowledge of the regenerate man. With the same ease, the same 'common sense,' the unregenerate and the regenerate man can understand propositions revealed to man (p. 20; 28:13-16; 31:13-17; 34:13-35:2)." If the complainants had quoted these passages from the transcript instead of merely referring to them, everyone could have seen that all but the last have nothing to do with the matter of regeneration, and that the last is contradictory of their assertion. The discussion had centered on the proposition "two times two equals four." Dr. Clark had asserted that any man who knows this proposition knows it by means of the definitions of the numbers and by the laws of logic. Then the transcript continues: "Q. Where do we get those laws of logic? A. 'Every man that cometh into the world.' (Obviously the transcript omits part of the quotation.) Q. Is it possible that by the effective sin, man will not be able to deduce by the propositions concerning God? A. That is often the case." In other words, the complainants imply that Dr. Clark holds that regeneration does not renew the mind or that sin has not affected it; whereas Dr. Clark said specifically that sin often causes men to commit logical fallacies. Thus the complainants cite evidence that is not only irrelevant, but also evidence that contradicts their charge. Some further study of the knowledge of a regenerate man and of an unregenerate man might prove profitable, but the subject can be accorded only the briefest mention. Both the regenerate and the unregenerate can with the same ease understand the proposition, Christ died for sinners. Regeneration, in spite of the theory of the Complaint, is not a change in the understanding of these words. The difference between the regenerate and the unregenerate lies in the fact that the former believes the proposition and the latter does not. The regenerate acknowledges Christ as Lord; the other does not. The one is a willing subject; the other is a rebel. Regeneration is not necessarily a change in understanding propositions. An unregenerate man may understand the proposition "Christ died for sinners," but far from knowing it to be true, he thinks it to be false. Strictly speaking he knows only that "the Scriptures teach Christ died for sinners." When he is regenerated, his understanding of the proposition may undergo no change at all; what happens is that he now accepts as true what previously he merely understood. He no longer knows merely "the Scriptures teach Christ died for sinners"; he now knows "Christ died for sinners." Nothing in these considerations is intended to suggest that regeneration is here completely described. These remarks only bear briefly on the change of knowledge involved in regeneration. The renewal of the original image of God and the Spirit's implantation of new "habits" would require extended treatment.

The complainants continue with their accusation, saying "there is not one shred of evidence that man's religious activity undergoes any qualitative change through regeneration." This accusation is more sweeping than the former; the former referred only to change in knowledge and understanding, while this is an accusation that covers all religious activity. But the admission of the Complaint itself that "Dr. Clark does not deny the necessity or fact of regeneration," undermines its whole position on this matter. To grasp the situation correctly, it must be noted first that the examination before Presbytery did not concern the matter of regeneration. There is no reason therefore to expect much on the subject in the transcript. In the six-hour examination at the March meeting of the Presbytery, Dr. Clark satisfied the Presbytery on this subject as well as on the remainder of the Confession, so that there was no need to repeat the matter. The complainants wanted to discuss these other philosophical subtleties, with the result that the transcript contains little on regeneration. And in these circumstances, the complainants now charge Dr. Clark with "rationalism, humanistic intellectualism . . . vicious independence from God" (P. 10, 2; O. 40). As there is little evidence in the transcript, it may be permissible to refer to some of Dr. Clark's writings. In another section of the Complaint the complainants make such a reference; and presumably this answer to the Complaint may do the same. This then is what Dr. Clark says in his Readings in Ethics, pp. 115-118.

"But Christianity has not merely a totally different aim but a radically opposed one. In the New Testament instead of the development of the natural abilities the desirable thing is found to be the death of the natural man and the birth of a new and supernatural man. The death of the old nature is necessary because of its corruption. Even before birth every individual is implicated in Adam's original sin and alienated from the life of God. 'The carnal mind is enmity against God, for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be. So then they that are in the flesh cannot please God.' The result is that all have sinned, there is none righteous or capable of pleasing God in any respect whatever. . . . This new birth is accomplished not by the will of man but by the will of God which gives to those who believe on his only begotten Son the power to become the sons of God. . . . Since then man must be redeemed from sin by the blood of Jesus before he can live a truly moral life, the chief end of man will not be the development of his corrupt, unspiritual nature."

And these are the words of one whom the complainants charge with "humanistic intellectualism" and "vicious independence from God." 

In conclusion the Presbytery believes that this section of the Complaint utterly fails to prove that Dr. Clark is out of accord with the system of doctrine taught in the Westminster Confession of Faith; the items which the Complaint insists upon are far removed from the system of doctrine of the Confession; they are not strictly theological doctrines at all, but tenuous implications from these doctrines; and the implications are fallacious. Therefore this section of the Complaint fails to show that the Philadelphia Presbytery was in error in licensing and ordaining Dr. Clark.


On Sovereignty and Responsibility

The third theological section of the Complaint runs from page 41 to page 50, and treats of the paradox of divine sovereignty and human responsibility. The charge made is that Dr. Clark "has done decided violence to the latter," i.e., responsibility. But a study of the Complaint fails to discover any evidence that Dr. Clark has denied or done violence to human responsibility; and there is no comparison between Dr. Clark's view and the Westminster Confession. There simply is no evidence. 

The complainants instead of supporting their charge have used the space to object to Dr. Clark's statement that responsibility and sovereignty do not appear contradictory to him. The complainants hold that responsibility and sovereignty ought to appear contradictory to everyone. This raises two questions: Does the Scripture encourage us to attempt the solution of paradoxes? And, does the Scripture provide any hints for the solution of this particular paradox? 

With respect to the first of these questions it may be noted that the Westminster Confession I, vi, says, "The whole counsel of God, concerning all things necessary for his own glory, man's salvation, faith and life, is either expressly set down in Scripture, or by good and necessary consequence may be deduced from Scripture." The Confession, therefore, instead of considering a logical approach to Scripture as rationalistic, approves of logical deductions from Scripture; in fact, the Confession is itself largely a set of such deductions. B. B. Warfield in Revelation and Inspiration, page 12, says, "But revelation, after all, is the correlate of understanding and has as its proximate end just the production of knowledge, though not, of course, knowledge for its own sake, but for the sake of salvation." How can anyone suppose that God would reveal to man something irrational or non-understandable? To be sure there are "some things hard to be understood," but if the Bible actually reveals God, it cannot be non-understandable. God commands us to search the Scriptures; we are encouraged to understand. Calvin, Institutes, III, xxi, 3, replies to those who think one ought not to investigate the doctrine of predestination, by pointing out that such an attitude is in effect a charge that God did not know how much he should reveal. No doubt this doctrine, and all doctrines, should be studied with care and caution; but the Scriptures nowhere prohibit us from attempting to solve revealed paradoxes. Nearly any two propositions could appear contradictory to someone; the less a person has studied the Bible, the more likely he is to encounter difficulties; and the advice usually given is to study further and understand more. The Complaint may easily be interpreted to preclude all further progress in the understanding of God's revealed word. The position of Presbyterianism, however, has never been that the confessions of faith are the ultimate of man's understanding of the Scriptures. The Complaint seems to imply that those who seek to advance theological knowledge through exegesis of and deduction from the word of God are thereby guilty of heresy. Such a position is to be rejected.

Conversely, anyone who argues that a given revealed paradox cannot be solved is virtually claiming omniscience. He who says a given paradox cannot be solved, logically implies that he has examined every verse in Scripture, that he has exhausted every implication of every verse, and that there is in all this no hint of a solution. Such a person must have a tremendous knowledge of the Bible. And this is exactly what the complainants claim. They assert (P. 12, 1; O.46) "Not even Holy Scripture offers a solution." This is a claim to an exhaustive knowledge of all Scripture. Certainly it is more modest to believe that one has solved a paradox than to assert that it cannot be solved. It is true that certain theologians have called this paradox insoluble; but if Scripture does not forbid, this is no reason why other men should not attempt to solve it.

Furthermore, to solve a paradox may not be such a superhuman task as the complainants seem to think. They say (P. 12, 1; O. 46) "Dr. Clark asserts unblushingly that for his thinking the problem has ceased being a problem." The apparent intention is to make Dr. Clark claim that there remain no problems connected with sovereignty and responsibility. Many problems remain. The one problem that Dr. Clark thinks he has solved is the anti-christian allegation that sovereignty and responsibility are contradictories. To say, even mistakenly, that one can show they do not contradict each other, is not to say one knows everything about the subject.

The second question was, Does the Scripture provide any hints for the solution of this particular paradox? Dr. Clark thinks he has found the key to such a solution. He may be wrong, but how can the complainants, lacking omniscience, assert that there is none at all? Before A.D. 325 someone might have said that the Scriptural teaching on the Father, Son, and Spirit is self-contradictory. But Athanasius solved that paradox -- without exhausting the subject of the Trinity. The two natures of Christ might have appeared contradictory in those early days; but the Council of Chalcedon solved that paradox. In the history of secular logic certain problems were, during the Middle Ages, called insolubilia. But in 1850 an English logician thought he had found the solution. He had not; but he had made a start toward the solution, and later logicians improved upon him, until today logicians do not consider the insolubilia insoluable. It is just possible that Dr. Clark, even if mistaken, may have discovered a hint leading to a solution. He claims, at any rate, that the solution lies almost on the surface of Calvin's Institutes. To develop Calvin's hint, one must readjust Calvin's exegesis of Romans 9. Calvin, as the complainants are careful to quote, says that Romans 9:20 is a preliminary answer, and that the verses toward the end of the chapter and the following chapter are the beginning of a more fundamental solution. Dr. Clark, on the contrary, thinks that Romans 9:20 is the fundamental and ultimate principle, as Calvin virtually admits in the Institutes, III, xxiii, 2; and that the later section consists of deductions, applications, or elaborations. This would not be the only instance of a lack of complete consistency between Calvin's Commentaries and his Institutes.

Since everyone makes mistakes in exegesis, it is beside the point whether Dr. Clark is right or wrong on this point. All that should be of concern to the Presbytery is whether Dr. Clark asserts both responsibility and responsibility. The fact that he attempts to solve the paradox is itself proof that he accepts both propositions. The complainants try to compare Dr. Clark with the Arminians and the Antinomians (P. 12, 1-2; O. 47). These two groups, the complainants claim, also attempted to solve this paradox. But in fact neither of these groups tried to solve the paradox. Paradoxes are not solved, they are merely denied, by rejecting one of the parts. The Arminians rejected absolute predestination; the Antinomians rejected morality. In neither case were two apparently contradictory propositions shown to be consistent. Each group simply denied one of the two propositions. This is not what Dr. Clark has done; he has asserted both and has tried to show that they are consistent. Now, the complainants do not charge Dr. Clark with Arminianism; they charge him with Antinomianism. (P. 12, 2; O. 48). For those who wish to judge further of this charge, since there is no evidence for it in the Complaint, the Presbytery draws attention to Dr. Clark's eight-page tract on Romans VI, distributed by our Committee on Christian Education.

It is pertinent to note that Dr. Clark, instead of approaching these problems on a rationalistic basis, reaches his conclusion from an exegesis of Scripture.

As in the other sections of the Complaint, here too there are incidental misrepresentations and fallacious inferences.

For example, there seems to be the impression that it is unorthodox to quote the Stoics because they were heathen. Aside from the fact that Calvin borrowed parts of his psychology from Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics, one might also ponder Acts 17:28-29, where the Apostle Paul approves a certain Stoic teaching on the nature of God.

Next, the attempt to find by a deeper study of the Scripture the solution of paradoxes -- a use of exegesis that the complainants call rationalism -- is in the eyes of the complainants incompatible with subjection of human reason to the divine word (P. 12, 1; O. 47). In other words, a man who tries to understand what God has revealed to him cannot be subject to the revelation, and if the more he understands, the less he is subject; probably the less he understands, the more subject he is; so that the really obedient and devout man must be completely ignorant. By what right do the complainants imply that the attempt to understand Scripture is inconsistent with believing Scripture?

Again, the complainants assert that Dr. Clark "sever (s) human responsibility from human freedom" (P. 12, 3; O. 49). But a study of Dr. Clark's article shows that he accepts Hodge's conception of "free moral agency"; he rejects that freedom of contrary choice on which the Arminians wish to base responsibility. It should be noted that "human freedom" has many meanings. It may mean political freedom, freedom from mechanical causation, freedom of the will from the intellect, freedom from sin, freedom of contrary choice, freedom from God, and free moral agency. When an author argues for or against "freedom," the critic should determine which freedom the author means. To apply to one meaning of freedom what the author says of another meaning of freedom, as the complainants do here, is not a scholarly procedure.

In view of all these considerations the Presbytery concludes that this section of the Complaint fails to prove its charge.


On the Offer of the Gospel

The last theological section of the Complaint treats of the offer of the gospel. Since the answer to the Complain is already so voluminous, brevity at the end might be appreciated. And brevity will be sufficient, for once again the basic accusation is rationalism, and this accusation has already been refuted.

Once again also the complainants show their unwillingness to be satisfied with the wording of the Westminster Confession. In the first section of the Complaint they were not satisfied with the statement of the Confession on the incomprehensibility of God, but wished to impose on it a strange mystical irrationalism; in the second section they were unwilling to be satisfied with the Westminster doctrine which excludes passions from God's consciousness: admitting that Dr. Clark's view is correct, nevertheless they attack it; in the third section the complainants show themselves dissatisfied with the Confession's encouragement of a logical or rational approach to Scripture: here again the complainants take a position that reduces to irrationalism; and now in the last section they ignore the Confession, and appeal to an earlier and inferior creed.

The Church should note that Dr. Clark is in full accord with the Westminster Confession on the offer of the gospel. The Confession VII, iii, states: "Man, by his fall, having made himself incapable of life by that covenant, the Lord was pleased to make a second, commonly called the covenant of grace: wherein he freely offereth unto sinners life and salvation by Jesus Christ, requiring of them faith in him, that they may be saved; and promising to give unto all those that are ordained unto life, his Holy Spirit, to make them willing and able to believe." With this Dr. Clark is in full accord. The complainants, however, were not satisfied with Dr. Clark's acceptance of the Confession's statement, but insisted on the word sincere in describing the offer of the gospel.

Now as the Complaint (P. 13, 1; O. 51) admits, the word "sincere" is of little significance in any particular phrase because God is sincere in everything he does. There was no need of the Westminster divines' using it; and there was no need of the complainants using it. It is superfluous. This was one of two reasons for Dr. Clark's reluctance to use the term. It has been made clear how necessary it is to define terms accurately. The qualitative difference between the truth of a proposition for man and the same truth for God remains undefined in the Complaint. The word "emotion" is defined carelessly. In this case also Dr. Clark could not know what meaning was to be placed on the word "sincere." And for this reason he refused to use it. The second reason is closely allied with the first. Because the word "sincere" is of such general application and can be used with various connotations, the Arminians have used it to distinguish their doctrine from ours. The Lutherans do the same thing with the word  "earnestly." According to W. G. Polack, in The Building of a Great Church, page 151, the Missouri Synod in 1881 adopted the following point among others: "We believe, teach, and confess that God has loved the world from eternity, has created all men for salvation and none for damnation, and earnestly desires the salvation of all men."

These then are the words used by the enemies of Calvinism to make it appear odious. Dr. Clark's refusal to use such words springs from his desire not to be charged with Arminianism. He seems to have been successful, for Arminianism is one accusation the complainants do not make.

The Church would do well to compare the careless questions of the complainants in examining Dr. Clark and their careless language in the Complaint with the excellent precision of a careful theologian like R. L. Dabney. In his Syllabus and Notes (p. 559), he says: "Fifth: When we assert this sincere compassion of God in His common calls to the non-elect, we do not attribute to Him anything futile, or insincere; because, in the expressions of this compassion, He always makes an implied or expressed condition: that they shall turn. He does not say anywhere, that He has any desire to see anyone saved while continuing a rebel. Nor does He say anywhere, that it is His unconditioned purpose to compel all to turn. But He says, He would like to see all saved provided they all turned. So that His will in the universal call is not out of harmony with His prescience. And last: God's invitations and warnings to those who, He foresees, will reject them, are the necessary expressions of His perfections. The circumstance that a given sin is foreseen, does not rob it of its moral character; and hence should constitute no reason why a righteous God shall forebear to prohibit and warn against it. That God shall yet permit creatures to commit this sin against His invitations is, therefore, just the old question about the permission of evil. Not a new one."

Though the complainants might reproach Dabney for trying to answer questions and solve paradoxes instead of letting things stand without explanation, Dabney's statement is the kind of careful wording that is to be approved; this is the form of doctrine that Dr. Clark accepts; and this is sufficient.


*     *     *     *     *

Preliminary to the final conclusion of this answer to the Complaint, the Presbytery calls attention to what is required of a Complaint intended, in this case by indirection, to prove a charge of heresy. In the famous Briggs trial fifty years ago, Mr. John J. McCook, a member of the prosecuting committee argued: "It is not necessary to dwell upon the fact that a minister cannot be tried for consequences which may be deduced from his doctrines" (page 4). In the present case, however, it is necessary to dwell upon this fact. The standards the prosecuting committee in the Briggs trial set for itself are not the standards of the present Complaint. This Complaint makes extremely tenuous deductions from Dr. Clark's statements, at times directly contradicting the evidence; Dr. Clark does not acknowledge these deductions; and yet on the basis of these unacknowledged and repudiated deductions the Complaint aks that his licensure and the decision to ordain him be declared null and void. This procedure once noticed ought not to require comment. Would church administration be all possible if ministers are to be condemned on the basis of their opponents' questionable deductions?

In conclusion, the Presbytery denies that the meeting of July 7, 1944, was illegal and that its actions are thus void. The Presbytery judges that the Complaint fails to prove that Dr. Clark's thinking "bears all the earmarks of rationalism, humanistic intellectualism . . . vicious independence from God" (P. 10, 2; O. 40). The Presbytery denies "that various views of Dr. Clark as set forth in that meeting, and with which this Complaint is concerned, are in error and in conflict with the constitutional requirements for licensure and ordination, and that, therefore, the decision to sustain his theological examination, the decision to waive two years of study in a theological seminary, the decision to proceed to license Dr. Clark and the action of licensing him, the decision to deem the examination for licensure sufficient for ordination, and the decision to ordain Dr. Clark, were in error and unconstitutional, and are, therefore, null and void" (P. 15, 3; O. 61). The Presbytery urges the complainants to study this answer to the Complaint; to acknowledge that they have misrepresented Dr. Clark's views, and that they have wronged him in charging that "Dr. Clark studiously avoided answering" (P. 8, 1; O. 30) a question asked him during his examination; and to desist from their Complaint.

[End.]